SA - most of written midterm Flashcards by Dani Russell

2 forms of bone

Cortical (compact)

Cancellous (spongy or medullary)

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Cortical (compact bone)

Appears as solid mass of hard, dense mineralized bone. Found around the periphery of bones. WEIGHT-BEARING portion of the bone

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Cancellous (spongy/medullary) bone

Mineralized network of bony plates (trabeculae) that forms a mesh work that resembles sponge. The spaces between the trabeculae contain fat or blood forming tissue. Located at the center of the bone.

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Long bones

Found in the limbs. Length is greater than the width. Composed of: diaphysis, epiphysis, epiphyseal plate, metaphysis

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Diaphysis

Tubular shaft

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Epiphysis

Two end regions, distal and proximal, of the bone

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Epiphyseal plate

Separates the diaphysis and epiphysis. Where growth takes place as bone increases in length

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Metaphysis

Part of the diaphysis that lies adjacent to the epiphyseal plate

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Short bones

Found in hands and feet
Roughly cuboidal in shape
Composed of cancellous bone surrounded by compact bone

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Flat bones

Ribs, sternum, and calvarium of the skull/ scapula and clavicle also
Inner and outer layer of compact bone separated by cancellous bone

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Sesamoid bones

Developed within muscle tendons that rub over bony surfaces

Patella

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Irregular bones

Odd shaped bones that don’t fit into any other category of bone
Composed of an outer layer of compact bone and inner of cancellous/spongy bone
Vertebrae, particular bones of the skull, and the pelvis

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Adult Axial Skeleton

80
Bones of the skull = 22
Ossicles of the middle ear = 6
Hyoid = 1
Vertebral = 27 (cervical = 7; thoracic = 12; lumbar = 5; sacrum = 1; coccyx = 1)
Sternum = 1
Ribs = 24 (12 pairs)

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Adult Appendicular Skeleton

126 bones
Upper extremities = 64
- scapula = 2
- clavicle = 2
- humerus = 2 
- radius = 2
- ulna = 2
- carpals = 16
- metacarpals = 10
- phalanges = 26

Lower extremities

os coxae (innominate bone) = 2
femur = 2
tibia = 2
fibula = 2
patella = 2
tarsals = 14
metatarsals = 10
phalanges = 28

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Vertebral Column Functions (7)

PROTECTION of the spinal cord
STABILIZATION of the entire body
SUPPORT AND WEIGHT BEARING
- the vertebral column supports the head and the entire weight of the body
SHAPE AND POSITION with the lordodic and kyphotic curves
SKELETAL FORMATION
- it is part of the axial skeleton and has attachments of the ribs
RESILIENCY
-shock absorbing
MINERAL PRODUCTION
- calcium

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

spinal column includes all ____

All vertebrae

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Average length for a male and female spinal column

Male = 71cm = 28in
Female = 61cm = 24in

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Intervertebral Discs (IVDs) make up ____ of spinal column

1/4 of spinal column

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Two types of spinal curves

Primary - kyphotic

Secondary - lordodic

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Primary/Kyphotic Curve

Seen in the thoracic and sacral regions
You are born with them
Convexed posteriorly
Accommodating curves bc they are in the areas that accommodate the visceral organs

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Secondary/Lordodic Curves

Seen in cervical and lumbar regions
Develop them as we grow
Convexed anteriorly
Compensatory bc they compensate to keep us in the upright position

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Intervertebral Foramina

Holes formed by the superior notch and inferior notch of the vertebrae that are on the pedicles
Allow for passage of nerves and vessels
Smallest in cervical and largest in lumbar
Change in size with movement of the spine

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

_____ true vertebrae

24
Moveable
Cervical, thoracic, and lumbar vertebrae

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

_____ false ribs

2
Non moveable
Sacrum and coccyx

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Typical Vertebrae (6 characteristics)

1. 1 vertebral body which functions for support 2. 2 pedicles that function to protect 3. 2 laminae that function to protect 4. 4 articulate processes (APs) that, due to their shape, function to reduce movement 5. 2 transverse processes (TPs) whose function is to allow movement and muscle attachment 6. 1 spinous process (SP) whose function is to allow for movement, thus muscle attachment

Atypical Vertebrae

Peculiar | Those that have something more or something less than the typical 6 characteristics

Typical Cervical Vertebrae

C3-C6

Typical Thoracic Vertebrae

T2-T8

Typical Lumbar Vertebrae

L1-L4

Atypical Cervical Vertebrae

C1 (atlas), C2 (axis), C7 (vertebral prominent)

Atypical Thoracic Vertebrae

T1, T9, T10, T11, T12

Atypical Lumbar Vertebrae

Anterior Landmark - C3 vertebral body

Hyoid bone

Anterior Landmark - C4/C5 vertebral bodies

Thyroid cartilage

Anterior Landmark - C6 vertebral body

Cricoid cartilage

Anterior Landmark - C5, C6, C7 vertebral bodies

Thyroid gland

Anterior Landmark - T2 vertebral body

Jugular notch aka suprasternal notch

Anterior Landmark - T4/T5 vertebral bodies

Sternal angle of Lewis - jxn where the second costal cartilage attaches with the manubrium - also where the articulation between manubrium and the body of the sternum

Anterior Landmark - T9 vertebral body

Jxn of the sternal body and the xiphoid process (xiphosternal joint)

Anterior Landmark - T10 vertebral body

Xiphoid process

Anterior Landmark - L4 vertebral body

Umbilicus

Posterior Landmark - EOP ( external occipital protuberance)

Protuberance in the midline of the occipital bone which is on the same line as the superior nuchal line

Posterior Landmark - C2 spinous process

First prominent sp inferior to the EOP

Posterior Landmark - C7 or T1 SP

Vertebral prominence (VP); anatomically, in 70% C7 will be VP; in 30% C1 will be VP

Posterior Landmark - T3 SP

Level of the base or root of the spine of the scapula when the patient is in the prone position

Posterior Landmark - T4 SP

Level of the base or root of the spine of the scapula when the patient is in the sitting or standing position

Posterior Landmark - T6 SP

Level of the inferior angle of the scapula when the patient is in the prone position

Posterior Landmark - T7 SP

Level of the inferior angle of the scapula when the patient is in the sitting or standing position

Two portions of vertebrae

Anterior and posterior

Anterior portion of vertebrae components

Vertebral body

Posterior portion of vertebrae components

Vertebral arch and 7 processes

7 processes of the posterior portion of the vertebrae

2 laminae and 2 pedicles of the vertebral arch 1 SP 2 TPs 4 APs

Function of vertebral body

Support

Function of pedicles

Protection

Function of laminae

Protection

Function of TPs

Movement

Function of SP

Movement

Function of APs

Restriction of movement

Atlas is the ONLY vertebrae to be _____________ TO THE ENTIRE SPINE

ATYPICAL

Vertebral canal = spinal foremen = spinal ring Name before birth? Spinal foramina?

Neural foremen or neural rings | Are the holes that are formed when the pedicles of the adjacent vertebrae come together

Vertebral canal = spinal canal Before birth? Vertebral canal?

Neural canal | Formed when two or more vertebral foremen are put together

BODY - _______ portion of the vertebrae and the _______ single portion

Anterior | Largest

BODY - superior and inferior portions are ______ and receive the convexity of the IVD

Concave

BODY - the anterior portion has several small holes for the passage of the _______ ________ into the vertebral body (spongy bone area)

Nutrient arteries

BODY - the posterior region has 1 or more large holes to receive the _________ __________ which drains the vertebral body

Basivertebral vein

BODY - central region is _________ bone | - function?

Spongy | In the production if red blood cells and provides nourishment to the IVD. Gives strength to the vertebral body

BODY - peripheral region of the body is _________ bone - the vertebral end plates are rings of compact bone that surround the vertebral body. They are important in creating the trabeculae due to weight bearing forces

Compact = cortical

PEDICLES - bony pillars that extend ________ and ________ from the vertebral body. They connect the body to the ________

Posteriorly and laterally | Laminae

PEDICLES - constricted to form and __________ ___________ ____________ and ____________ ___________ ______ that forms part of the IVF

Superior vertebral notch | Inferior vertebral notch

PEDICLES - pedicongenic stenosis

If the pedicles are congenitally shortened, it may cause a narrowing of the vertebral canal at that level resulting in an impingement upon the spinal cord

PEDICLES - spondylolithesis

If the pedicles are congenitally elongated, it may cause the vertebra to slip anteriorly

LAMINAE - two broad plates that extend ________ and ______. The two plates fuse in the midline to form the base of the _______ ________

Anteriorly and medially | Spinous process

SPINOUS PROCESS - the spine is projected _______ from the junction of the ________. The ______ fuse to form this.

Posteriorly Laminae Laminae

TRANSVERSE PROCESSES - projections that extend ________ from the junction of the ________ and _________.

Laterally Pedicles Laminae

TRANSVERSE PROCESSES - vary in _______, __________, and _________ in the different regions of the spine

Size Shape Location

ARTICULAR PROCESSES = _____________

Zygopophyses

ARTICULAR PROCESSES - 2 _________ APs and 2 ________ APs that arise from the junction of the laminae and pedicles

Superior | Inferior

ARTICULAR PROCESSES - each process has a s,oath surface called a _________. These 4 ______ form the articulation (joint) between adjacent vertebrae. That joint is called the _________ joint or "___" joint

Facet Facets Zygopophyseal or "Z"

ARTICULAR PROCESSES - the orientation of the processes determines what type of ________ that will occur in that region of the spine. This is why they function to ________ movement

Motion(s) | Restrict

VERTEBRAL END PLATES aka _______ __________ _______

Cartilaginous end plates

VERTEBRAL END PLATES - there are 2, ________ and _____

Superior | Inferior

VERTEBRAL END PLATES - they surround the ________ section of the vertebral bodies

Peripheral

VERTEBRAL END PLATES - they are attached to two adjacent ________ ________ and _____

Vertebral bodies | IVDs

TYPICAL CERVICAL BODY - shape?

oval or rectangular

CERVICAL UNCINATE PROCESSES Where? May hypertrophy and grow upward into the IVF resulting in? Found in which vertebrae?

Concavity of the superior surface projects upward on the lateral sides Prevent lateral displacement of the vertebrae Result in foraminal encroachment Found C3-C7

CERVICAL SPs Bifid on C_ to C_ C1? C7?

2-6 Does not have in Is not bifid

CERVICAL TPs Hole in TP called ______ ________ which is for the passage of vertebral _______ and _______ nerves. Vertebral artery passes through ___-___ to enter the foramen magnum of the occiput to form the basilar artery. Anterior? Posterior? Space between anterior and posterior? What passes through this? TPs project ________ and _______

``` Transverse foramen Artery and sympathetic C6 to C1 Anterior - Costal transverse process Posterior - true transverse process. Costotransverse lamella. Spinal nerve Laterally and anteriorly ```

CERVICAL VERTEBRAL FORAMEN shape? Same as ______, but _______ Have _____ foramen of the entire spine, with C1 and C2 being the ______ overall

``` Triangular Lumbar Larger Largest Largest ```

THORACIC VERTEBRAL BODY | shape?

Heart shaped

THORACIC VERTEBRAL BODY | _______ ______ are located superiorly and inferiorily on the body for the attachment of the head of the ribs.

Costotransverse facets

Two types of Costotransverse facets

Full facets and Demifacets

TYPICAL THORACIC BODIES have _ Demi facets

4; 2 superior and 2 inferior

TYPICAL THORACIC PEDICLES Inferior vertebral notches are ______ and extend more ______ than others in the regions of the spine. The superior notches are ______

Larger Deeper Shallower

TYPICAL THORACIC LAMINAE | are ____ and ____ and overlaps adjacent vertebrae

Broad and thick

TYPICAL THORACIC FORAMEN | Shape?

Small and round

TYPICAL THORACIC TPs Make good ______ ______ for adjusting _______ ______ are located here for the sites of articulation with the tubercle of the ribs (present on all TPs EXCEPT ______ and _____)

Contact points Costotransverse facets T11 and T12

TYPICAL THORACIC SP upper? Mid? Lower?

Directed obliquely downward Directed almost vertically Directed almost horizontally and club shaped

ARTICULATIONS OF THE THORACIC VERTEBRAES | how many?

``` 12 4 APs 4 Demifacets 2 Costotransverse facets 2 IVD ```

LUMBAR VERTEBRAL BODY | shape?

Kidney shaped

LUMBAR PEDICLES | _____ and _____ with _____ inferior notches

Strong and short | Deep

LUMBAR VERTEBRAL FORAMEN | shape?

Triangular

LUMBAR TPs | ______ and _____-like

Thin and blade-like

LUMBAR APs have rounded enlargements called _______ processes that are located on the superior AP Between the mammillary process and TP are _____ processes

Mammillary | Accessory

ATLAS (C1) | Essentially a bony ring consisting of 4 things

Anterior arch Posterior arch Two lateral masses under the articulating surfaces Two TPs

``` ATLAS (C1) Anterior arch: __/__ of the vertebral foramen ____ tubercle ______ _____- for articulation with the dens ```

1/5 Anterior Fovea dentalis

ATLAS (C1) Posterior Arch: Forms __/__ of the vertebral foramen _____ tubercle (for muscular and ligamentous attachment) superior vertebral groove for passage of ____ artery and _____ spinal nerve Inferior vertebral groove for passage of _____ spinal nerve

``` 2/5 Posterior Vertebral C1 C2 ```

``` ATLAS (C1) Lateral Masses: Forms __/__ of arch on both sides Are between the ______ ______ There are 2 _____ ______ on the internal portion and lateral surfaces of the bony ring. They are for the attachment of the transverse ligament which prevents _______ displacement of the dens ```

1/5 Articulating surfaces Median tubercles Posterior

ATLAS (C1) Neural Foramina: Composed of 2 _____ portions that are divided by the transverse ligament (anterior for what articulation? Posterior for ____ ____ of the spinal cord)

Unequal Odontoid(dens)/C1 Neural portion

ATLAS (C1) TPs _____ in the cervical spine

LARGEST TP IN CERVICAL SPINE

AXIS (C2) _____ and _____ ____ protrudes from body and is said to be the body of C1 Has anterior inferior lipping but no _____ _____ First prominent ____ _____ _____ _____ shortest in the cervical spine

``` Largest and strongest Dens Uncinate process Spinous process Transverse process ```

AXIS (C2) | 6 articulations

2 with C1 inferior articular facets 2 with C3 superior articular facets 1 with anterior arch of atlas 1 with C3 body via the IVD

``` C7 Known as ______ vertebrae Starts to pick pick up characteristics of _____ vertebrae SP _____ in cervical spine VP? No _____ ______ ______ No _____ SP ```

``` Transitional Thoracic largest Vertebral prominens -70%: moveable; 30%: on T1 non moveable Anterior inferior lipping Spinous process ```

T1 1 pair of _____ ____ superiorly and 1 pair of _______ inferiorly 2 ______ facets on the TPS

Full facets Demifacets Costotransverse

T9 Vertebrae 1 pair of ____ superiorly on the body 2 ______ facets on TP

Demifacets | Costotransverse

T10 VERTEBRAE 1 pair or _____ ______ superiorly Two _______ facets on TPs

Full facets | Costotransverse

T11 and T12 VERTEBRAE 1 pair of _____ facets No _____ facets in TPs _____ vertebrae (Begin to form rudimentary _____ processes and _____ processes)

``` Full Costotransverse Transitional Mammillary Accessory ```

``` ATYPICAL THORACIC ARTICULATIONS: T1 T9 T10 T11 T12 ```

``` 12 10 10 8 8 ```

L5 Shape of vertebral body Short SP that tips ______ toward ___ TP arises from the jxn of the pedicle and the body ______ to the IVF Inferior articular facets located in _____ plane

Large, wedge shaped Upwards Anterior Coronal

SACRUM formed by the fusion of ___ segments Provides ____ and ____ to the pelvis and transmits the weight to the pelvis and lower extremities to the _____ joint and ____ joints

``` 5 Strength Stability Sacroiliac Hip ```

SACRUM Base: ____ portion where it articulates with ___ Superior articular facets are facing posteriorly and are oriented in the ____ plane

Upper L5 Coronal

SACRUM Apex: ___ portion where it articulates with the base of the ____

Lower | Coccyx

``` SACRUM Anterior surface: Lateral view: _____ in shape Sacral promontory ( on body of ____) Transverse ridges (__) Anterior sacra Foramina (2 rows of ___) Ala of sacrum (TP of ___) ```

``` Concave S1 4 4 S1 ```

SACRUM (Posterior surface) Lateral view: ____ in shape Medial sacral crest (sacral tubercles) = ____ _____ Sacral grooves = ______ Intermediate sacral crest = _____ _____ Lateral sacral crest = ______ _____ Posterior sacral Foramina (2 rows of ____) ______ ____ = non fusion of the S5 lamina and area where S5 and Co1 nerve exits ______ ____ = articular process of S5

``` Convex Spinal processes Laminae Articular processes Transverse processes 4 Sacral hiatus Sacral Cornu ```

SACRUM Lateral surface: Articular surface - portion that articulates with the ilium via the _____ portion of the _____ joint

Synovial | SI

SACRUM | shape of sacral canal

Triangular

how many IVDs in the spine?

23 discs in the spine

how many IVDs in the spinal column?

``` COCCYX (tailbone) Fusion of ___ segments Serves for ____ and _____ Very _____ and ______ in shape Base is ____ and apex is ____ ______ articulates with ____ Anterior surface has ____ transverse ridges Posterior surface is ____ and the APs of the 1st coccygeal segment forms the _____ _____ ```

``` 4 Muscle attachment and protection Small, triangular Superior, inferior Base, apex 3 Rough, Coccygeal Cornu ```

first IVD between what vertebrae?

1st disc begins between C2 and C3

IVDs are name for the vertebrae ____ it

above

no disc between ___ and ___, and ___ and ___

No disc between occiput and C1, C1 and C2.

no IVD allows for ____ movement

IVDs act as shock _____

Act as shock absorbers

IVDs are a part of the ____ wall of the intervertebral foramina

__-__ days after birth, cervical spine begins to develop

3-4

__-__ months after birth, cervical spinal curve is developed

3-4

__-__ mo after birth lumbar spine begins to develop

6-9

__-__ mo after birth lumbar spine is developed (has formed)

lumbar

spine includes __ vertebrae only

true

adult spinal column has ___ vertebrae

Adult spine has ___ vertebrae

24; true only

childs spinal column has ___ vertebral segments

33; sacrum = 5, coccyx = 4

there are ___ pairs of spinal nerves

spinal nerves begin between __ and ___

occiput ad C1

__ cervical spinal nerve pairs and are named for the vertebrae ___ it except for ___ spinal nerve

8 below C8

__ thoracic spinal nerve pairs

__ lumbar spinal nerve pairs

__ sacral nerve pairs

__ coccyx nerve pairs

in the thoracic, lumbar, sacral and coccyx regions the spinal nerve pairs are named for the vertebrae ___ it

above

cervical bodies are ___ in height

equal

thoracic bodies are higher ___ than ___

posteriorly than anteriorly

lumbar body heights vary: L1 --> higher ___ L2 --> ___ in height L3-L5 --> higher ___

posteriorly equal anteriorly

cervical IVDs thicker ____

anteriorly

thoracic IVDs are ____

equal

Lumbar IVDs thicker

anteriorly

true ribs are those that articulate with ___

sternum

true ribs __-__

1-7

false ribs are those that articulate with ___

cartilate

false ribs __-__

8-10

floating ribs are those that ____ articulate

dont

floating ribs __-__

11-12

head of rib articulates with the ___ ___ and is know as ____ joint

vertebral body | costovertebral

tubercle of the rib articulates with the ____ ____ and is known as the ___ joint

transverse process | costotransverse

ligamentum nuchae extends from ___-___

EOP to C7

transitional vertebrae

occurs when a vertebra or vertebrae in one region of he spine takes on he appearance of the vertebrae they are approaching

sacralization

L5 is partially or completely incorporated into the sacrum

lumbarization

S1 vertebrae does not fuse with the other sacral bones and stays separated. feeling of a 6th lumbar vertebrae

spondylosis

degeneration of the spinal column.

spondylolysis

defect in the interarticular part (pars interarticularis) of the vertebra and usually seen in the lumbar spine

spondylolisthesis

slippage of the vertebral body of the upper vertebrae on the vertebral body below it or upon the sacrum. usually occurs in the lumbar spine

hemivertebra

failure of one lateral half of a vertebra to develop or ossify with the opposite half. gives an appearance of a wedged vertebra inserted between two

butterfly vertebra

there is a malformatio nin the posterior vertebral segments, namely the laminae. lateral ossification centers fail to sufficiently grow and unite

block vertebra

failure of the formation of the IVD which results in adjacent vertebrae fusion when ossification occurs. can be genital or acquired

congenital block vertebra

give a flat, smooth peripheral surface in the region of the missing intersegmental disc

acquired block vertebra

surgically fused vertebra appear prominent and irregular at the disc level

stages of development of the vertebral column

mesodermal, chondrification, ossification

mesodermal stage - marked by the mesenchymal condesation of the paired ____ around the notochord

sclerotomes

mesodermal stage - each schlerotome becomes more ___ and a ____ fissure occurs which separates the sclerotomes in half

dense | horizontal

mesodermal stage - ___ half above unites with the ___ half of the sclerotome below. this is the beginning of ____ individual vertebrae

caudal cephalic one

mesodermal stage - the splitting of the sclerotome and ___ occurs throughout the entire membranous vertebral column

recombination

chondrification stage - stage 1 that meodermal is being replaced by ____

cartilage

chondrification stage - appears first in the ___ region and progresses to other regions and is completed by the ___ fetal month

cervical | third

ossification stage - last stage and occurs in the ___ week

tenth

chondrification - divided into two sessions

primary and secondary

primary ossification centers begin ___ birth. completion is ____ birth

before | after

secondary ossification centers begin ___ birth and are completed at ___ ages

different

primary ossification centers in the cervical (3-7) and all thoracics

5: 1 in the body, 1 in each pedicle and 1 in each laminae

secondary ossification centers in the cervical (3-7) and all thoracics

5: epiphyseal plates, tip of each TP and the tip of the TP

secondary centers begin to appear during the ___ yar of life and are usually completed buy the age of __

18th | 25

primary ossification centers in the lumbar

7: 1 in the body, one in each pedicle and laminae, one in each mammillary process

secondary ossification centers in the lumbar

5: epiphyseal plates, tip of each TP and the tip of the TP

of primary ossification centers in C1

2: 1 in each lateral mass spreading posteriorly to unite with the bones forming the posterior arch

of secondary ossification centers in C1

1: anterior arch and slowly spreading posteriorly to unite with the lateral masses

of primary ossification centers in C2

7: 1 in the body, 1 in each pedicle and laminae, 2 in the base of the dens

of secondary ossification centers in C2

2: 1 in the apex of the dens, 1 bottom of the body where the anterior inferior lipping begins

of primary ossification centers in the sacrum

37: 1 in each body of the segment (5), 2 in each arch (20), 2 on the anterior portion of each side of S1, S2 and S3 (12)

of secondary ossification centers in the sacrum

12: 1 in each of the epiphyseal plates of the body of each segment (10), 1 for each auricular surface (2)

of primary ossification centers in the coccyx

none

of secondary ossification centers in the coccyx

4: 1 located in each of the individual segments

Wolff's Law

form defines function, bones will adapt the the forces that are put on them, changes the shape of the bones

Heuter Volkman's law

applies to abnormal bone growth. dense (too much compression), proliferation (too little compression)

cervical articulating processes orientation

45 degrees off the horizontal

thoracic articulating processes orientation

60 degrees off the horizontal and 20 degrees outward

lumbar articulating processes orientation

90 degrees off the horizontal and 45 degrees inward

3 germ layers of vertebral development

ectoderm, mesoderm, endoderm

three primary structures in the development of the vertebral column

notochord, mesodermal somites, sclerotomes

notochord also called ___ ___ and is derived from ____ ___

chorda dorsalis | embryonic mesoderm

notocord extends from the ___ bone to the ___ regioin

sphenoid | coccyx

notochord represents the beginning of all the __ skeleton

axial

notochord first appears as a narrow median rod of cells between ___ and ___

ectoderm and endoderm

notochord becomes surrounded by secondary mesoderm which becomes converted into he __ ___

vertebral column

nuclei pulposus of the IVD

remnant of the notochord

somites

cuboidal bodies around the neural tube

somites differentiate into 3 things

myotomes, dermatomes, sclerotomes

myotomes? dermatomes? sclerotomes?

muscle nerves bone

primordium

beginning of an individual vertebrae

spina bifida

L5/S1 usually, failure of fusion of the laminae during the embryonic period

ankylosing spondylitis

long-term disease that involves inflammation of the joints between the spinal bones, and the joints between the spine and pelvis.

SA - most of written midterm Flashcards

(219 cards)