SA- The end of apartheid and creation of the ‘rainbow nation’, 1984–94

Question 1

When was UDF banned and how effective was this?

Answer 1

Banned 1987, ineffective, activities continued anyway as no central organisation to target.

Question 2

What was the UDF and when was it founded? How many organisations was it made up of?

Answer 2

united Democratic Front (UDF) was founded in 1983 and was made up of 575 organisations to coordinate the internal opposition to apartheid.

Question 3

What did the UDF want?

Hint: A South Africa based on what?

Answer 3

A new SA based on the Freedom Charter.

Question 4

Estimated number of supporters for the UDF?

Answer 4

2 million

Question 5

What happened as a result of increasing support for the UDF (form of protest) in the late 80s? Which organisations are particularly involved?

Include Stat

Answer 5

The number of days lost to strikes grew from 1 million in 1986 to 6 million in 1987. Indian Congresses and Congress of South African Trade Unions (COSATU).

Question 6

How many people were killed as a result of political activity in 1985?

Answer 6

800 people

Question 7

What was a key cause of township revolts? (include a specifc act then elaborate) What made this worse?

Answer 7

Community Council Act of 1977 set up elected township councils, who were seen as collaborators of the government. Additionally, they had to raise rent in order to maintain the townships which lead to increased strikes and violence.

Question 8

Example of division within the opposition.

Hint: hostilities following a meeting

Answer 8

Relations turned hostile between Inkhata and the ANC after a failed conference in London in 1979.

Question 9

What was Inkhata and when was it founded?

Answer 9

Founded in 1975, Zulu nationalist organisation which sought an independent Zulu homeland.

Question 10

Who led Inkhata?

Answer 10

Mangosuthu Buthelezi

Question 11

Example of organised political assassination from authorities in the late 1980s.

what organisation was founded and who was assassinated

Answer 11

In 1987, the Civilian Co-operation Bureau was established to identify ‘enemies of the state’, after which the security forces would act.
For example, the assassination of the anti-apartheid activist David Webster in May 1989.

Question 12

In 1986 alone how many black South Africans were shot dead by police?

Answer 12

500 black Africans

Question 13

Evidence showing growth of the police force from 1981 to 1991?

Answer 13

nearly 50,000 in 1981 to over 90,000 in 1991

Question 14

What happened in 1985 regarding ANC protests?

(Include example of actions)

Answer 14

Protest increased significantly with the burning of government and council offices.

Question 15

Where did a war begin in 1986 and how long did it last? And how many people rallied?

Answer 15

Alexandra and lasted 6 days. 40,000 people rallied.

Question 16

2 examples of government suppression to prevent attention given to violent government acts.

Answer 16

the Inquest Act of 1982 outlawed the reportage of deaths in custody

the Police Act banned criticism of the security forces.

Question 17

How did the police respond to the violence in Alexandra?

stats

Answer 17

Responded with tear gas, and opened fire on a crowd of 6000, killing 4 residents.

Question 18

What were those in Alexandra doing?

Answer 18

Burning houses, stoning cars and attacking police.

Question 19

What did a Commonwealth Report suggest about SA and when?

Answer 19

1986, suggested that SA was on the brink of civil war.

Question 20

What 2 things did the Dutch Reform Church do which a complete change from what can be seen from them at the beginning of apartheid? When did it do these things?

Answer 20

In 1986 the DRC denounced apartheid and in 1989 they condemned it as a sin.

Question 21

When was Mandela released and how long had he been in prison?

Answer 21

Nelson Mandela was released on 11th February 1990 after 27 years in captivity.

Question 22

When was the Mixed Marriages Act repealed?

Answer 22

1985

Question 23

What % had the value of the rand fell by in 1985

Answer 23

35%

Question 24

Example of rising inflation in the 80s and reason why.

Answer 24

Inflation rose by 7% between 1983 and 1986, due to sanctions

Question 25

How much did the cost of imports rise by in 1987? (%)

Answer 25

60%

Question 26

When were black labour unions legalised?

Answer 26

1979

Question 27

Example of reform which hindered progression. | and when?

Answer 27

Constitutional reform of 1983 gave the parliament 3 wings, white, coloured and asian, excluding black people. (who were 75% of the population)

Question 28

When was the pass system repealed and why?

Answer 28

1986. It got rid of a system that was impossible to enforce anyway. More symbolic than substantive.

Question 29

On what terms did Botha offer Mandela release and when? What was Mandela's response?

Answer 29

As early as 1985 Botha offered Mandela freedom as long as he denounced ANC violence, which he refused to do.

Question 30

When and what was a reform from Botha that was an attempt to appease the black population with a form of political influence?

Answer 30

Black Local Authorities Act 1982 established local committees and councils for Black people in cities to offer them local political power.

Question 31

What was CODESA (1) and when?

Answer 31

Convention for a democratic SA in 1991.

Question 32

Who refused to attend CODESA 1? (3)

Answer 32

Inkhata, Conservatives and PAC

Question 33

What was the declaration of intent that came from CODESA 1?

Answer 33

A government that was non-racial, gender neutral in which there was a multi-party democracy.

Question 34

What does CODESA stand for?

Answer 34

Convention for a Democratic South Africa

Question 35

What % of white people in DeKlerks referendum were in favour of reform? And when was this referendum?

Answer 35

69% and in 1992.

Question 36

What was the Sunset Clause and give me details.

Answer 36

it guaranteed that current public servants would keep their jobs and pensions. 40% of Afrikaners worked for the government in some capacity.

Question 37

How many South Africans were killed annually due to apartheid between 1990-94?

Answer 37

3200

Question 38

When did the ANC suspend the armed struggle?

Answer 38

1990

Question 39

How did Botha undermine negotiations and when?

Answer 39

He staged an attack on ANC bases in Botswana, Zimbabwe and Zambia in 1985.

Question 40

When did Mandela suspend negotiations and why?

Answer 40

1992, Inkhata members killed 46 suspected ANC supporters in Boipatong. The security forces did nothing to prevent this. Suspended negotiations in order to protest.

Question 41

What did DeKlerk see as a major compromise? And when did this happen?

Answer 41

The acceptance of the Communist Party joining negotiations in 1990.

Question 42

What did DeKlerk reduce budget-wise and when?

Answer 42

The military budget after the 1989 election

Question 43

What legislation did DeKlerk repeal when?

Answer 43

repealed the Seperate Amentities Act in 1990, effectively reversing petty apartheid.

Question 44

During negotiations how often did Mandela meet with how many gov members?

Answer 44

Mandela met weekly with 4 gov members.

Question 45

What legislation was repealled in 1991?

Answer 45

The Population Registration Act.

Question 46

What did the ANC refuse to reject during negotiations and why?

Answer 46

The ANC refused to reject economic sanctions as it was an important bargaining tool.

Question 47

What was Operation Vula? When was it uncovered by the gov? Basically give overview.

Answer 47

Operation Vula (1986) was an ANC underground mission to smuggle fighters and maintain secret communications. Despite the ANC’s unbanning in 1990, it continued as no guarantee that gov would be reasonable in negotiations. Its exposure in July 1990 led to accusations of undermining peace talks.

Question 48

Why did the NP fear a democratically elected government?

Answer 48

Did not believe it would provide protection for the white minority

Question 49

One limitation of DeKlerk?

Answer 49

Although he admitted seperate development had failed, he did not apologise for apartheid.

Question 50

What happened to Mandela in 1988?

Answer 50

Was moved to a house where he could receive visitors

Question 51

What did Mandela criticise the NP of in 1988

Answer 51

Still holding onto Cold War ideology even though the USSR was crumbling

Question 52

What were the results of the 1994 election? (ANC and NP)

Answer 52

ANC won with 62.5% of the vote. NP won 20.5%

Question 53

What did Mandela and DeKlerk become after the 1994 election?

Answer 53

Mandela- President. DeKlerk- Deputy President

Question 54

What showed that South African security forces were struggling to contain violence from ANC and other opposition groups in the 1980s?

Answer 54

The number of acts of terror, such as attacks on bars popular with security forces, rose from 45 in 1984 to 281 by 1988, showing the government’s difficulty in stopping such actions.

Question 55

What violent act become increasing common in townships?

Answer 55

Necklacing

Question 56

In what areas in particular did much violence occur between the ANC and Inkhata?

Answer 56

Natal and the Vaal Triangle

Question 57

When was Botha's 'Rubicon' speech? How large was his audience? How'd it go?

Answer 57

1985. Global audience of over 200 million. Was a huge fail as failed to introduce real reform and damaged SA's reputation, provoked further resistance.

Question 58

In March 1990 how many people lost their lives as a result of the violence between Inkhata and ANC?

Answer 58

230

Question 59

Representatives of how many nations attended Mandela's inauguration as president and when?

Answer 59

Representatives of 170 nations attended Nelson Mandela’s inauguration as president in 1994.

Question 60

When was Chris Hani murdered and by who? WHo was Chris Hani? What pretended the potential conflict that could have occured?

Answer 60

Chris Hani was the charasmatic leader of MK and hero to many and was murdered in 1993 by a white extremist. Extreme potential conflict was only calmed when it was revealed that the culprit had been caught on the evidence of a white witness.

Question 61

When did Mandela and De Klerk jointly win the Nobel Peace Prize?

Answer 61

1993

Question 62

When was the Record of Understanding and what did it include? | 2 key principles

Answer 62

1992. A Record of Understanding was issued outlining three key principles: the release of all political prisoners and a ban on openly carried traditional weapons like pangas.