SA150: Midterm 1 Flashcards

Question

Emile Durkheim

Answer 1

- one of the founders of sociology - structural functionalist approach - social fact idea

Answer 2

-patterned ways of acting, thinking and feeling that are outside of each person but control all people Ex: social characteristics like race age religion etc -three characteristics: 1- developed before and separate from any one person 2- can be seen as being a characteristic of one particular group 3- involves a force that pushes people to act a certain way -example of suicide (certain groups in France more likely to commit suicide than others)

Answer 3

1- MANIFEST functions (intended and easily seen) 2- LATENT functions (unintended and hard to see) 3- LATENT DYSfunctions: unintended and make socially negative consequences

Answer 4

Based on 4 C's 1- conflict (exists in all big societies) 2- class (factor in all large societies) 3- contestation (functions can be challenged based on Q, what group does this function best serve?) 4- change (society should or will be changed)

Answer 5

- conflict theory - conflict all about class - conflict of capitalists (bourgeoisie) VS workers (proletariat) = socialist revolution that would produce a classless, equal society - didn't happen but main ideas still valid

Answer 6

- approach that looks at meaning of daily social interaction of individuals - social psychologist George Mead (self and how it's created/used) - Herbert blumer (symbolic interaction; social systems don't exist outside of individual relationships and interactions)

Answer 7

Macro: focus on big picture of society (weber, Durkheim, Merton, Marx) Micro: focus on plans/motivations/actions of individual or group

Answer 8

- conducting research as if life was happening on a stage of a theatre - backstage (out of public eye) vs front stage (in public) - behave diff - called impression management

Answer 9

- symbolic interactionalist approach - microsociology - total institution: an institution that controls every aspect of a person's life - sided with patients

Answer 10

Feminist theory Postmodern theory

Answer 11

- must recognize that female perspective is vital to forming an accurate idea of the roles women play in society -Harriet martineau - Dorothy smith (standpoint theory=objective vs subjective research and analysis; believed that subjective position was good bc knowledge comes from life experience position)

Answer 12

- voices that speak in society and represent variety of life experiences and social locations - concerned with recognizing that there are many voices and that they shouldn't be overpowered by big voices of power - Michael Foucault (totalitarian discourse=any universal claim about how knowledge or understanding is achieved; discourse=distinct way of speaking about an aspect of reality; ex: saying the brain is like a computer) - discourse becomes totalitarian when it's promoted by people with power and widely accepted as the only right interpretation - archaeology of knowledge (digging through past of a discourse to figure out what was behind it)

Answer 13

``` -categorizing sociology based on the audience and how critical the sociologist is 1- professional 2- critical 3- policy 4- public ```

Answer 14

- audience=academic world - research designed to get specific info with aim of applying it to a specific problem or question - written in technical or specialized language

Answer 15

- main goal is to be the conscience of professional sociology - reminds reason of existing/values and proposes different foundations by which to do research - audience=same as professional sociology but with diff goal (aim to make sure they don't lose sight of important social issues by focusing on statistics) - conflict theory fits here

Answer 16

- new branch that is about get sociological data for governments and large corporations - used in developing laws, rules, plans

Answer 17

-addresses audience outside of schools -three key traits 1- they discuss sociological concepts in language that college educated people can understand 2- wide variety of interests, even if their research is only in a few fields 3- ability to avoid bad parts of professionalism (overly cautious, footnote everything, bury analysis in statistics)

Answer 18

Attempt by people trained by the ministry to apply Christian principles of human welfare to the treatment of social, medical, and psychological ills Brought on by industrialization and unregulated capitalism Created social service council of Canada

Answer 19

Interdisciplinary approach involving sociology, political science, law, economics, anthro and history Looks at relationship between politics and economics of production, distribution and consumption of goods Marxist (focus on conflict)

Answer 20

Availability of staples like fish, fur, minerals and wheat

Answer 21

Cultural mosaic: metaphor for Canada's multicultural society where everyone can keep their identity (reality is a VERTICAL mosaic= systematic discrimination makes hierarchy of racial ethic and religious groups) Contrasts the melting pot image used to portray the assimilated society of the USA

Answer 22

Systemic of behaviour, beliefs, knowledge, practices, values and concrete materials including building, tools and sacred items Not always agreed on

Answer 23

Culture is contested over the question of authenticity | Involves traditions but changes over time

Answer 24

1- dominant culture vs subculture and counterculture 2- high culture vs popular culture and mass culture

Answer 25

Dominant culture: uses political and economic power to impose its values, language and ways of behaving interpreting behaviour on a given society (in Canada= white English speaking people of Christian and European stock, middle class) Countercultures: fall outside cultural mainstream; feel the power of the dominant culture and exist in opposition to it Subcultures: fall outside the culture mainstream; differ in a way to the dominant culture but don't directly oppose it

Answer 26

High culture: culture of the elite (distinct minority); associated with the arts and a fancy palate; needs certain knowledge and skills to acquire the specific tastes that marks someone as high culture (CULTURAL CAPITAL) Popular culture: culture of the majority/people who don't have power The two are different in terms of AGENCY (ability of the people to be able to be creative or productive with what the dominant culture has given them)

Answer 27

Term used by people who believe that we have little or no agency in the culture we consume Big companies control what we consume One feature: simulacra (stereotypical cultural images produced and reproduced in the media and sometimes in academics; hyperreal= considered more real than what actually exists)

Answer 28

Decipherment: process of looking at a text for the intent of the culture industry who created it; mass culture believers think it's about looking for message from mass media that they present without allowing people to challenge or reject it Reading: process of treating what is provided by culture industry as a resource that we can interpret as we want (believers of popular culture)

Answer 29

Rules or standards of behaviour that are expected of members of a group, society or culture Not always agreed upon

Answer 30

Positive sanction: supporting how someone follows or doesn't follow norms; reward for "doing the right thing" with a high five, smile, money bonus, etc Negative sanction: reaction made to tell offenders that they are violating a norm like glare, eye roll, etc

Answer 31

1- FOLKWAYS: norms that govern day to day matters; should not rather than must not; least respected and most weakly sanctioned; change over time 2- MORES: taken more seriously than folkways; must not violate them; either law or meet serious disapproval; change over time 3- TABOOS: norm that is so deeply engrained in our social consciousness that just mentioning it brings disgust and revulsion; different between cultures

Answer 32

Cultural items that have important meaning within a culture or subculture of society Tangible objects or non-material objects like songs or memories of events

Answer 33

Standards used by a culture to describe abstract qualities such as goodness beauty and justice Used to assess behaviour of others Hard to understand and accurately represent

Answer 34

Happens when someone holds up one culture as the standard by which all cultures are to be judged Usually translates into declaring that there is only one way to run a business, handle finances or manage social policy -larger scale: used in colonizing efforts of powerful nations that force their political, economic and religious beliefs on the indigenous populations of land they "discovered"

Answer 35

Potlatch: traditional ceremony of northwest coast aboriginal people involving getting your family name by showing worthiness; serve to maintain strength and social unity of group; also involving giving away gifts and possessions 1884: Canadian gov scared of native people so made potlatch illegal 1951: ban was repealed

Answer 36

Involves taking general European position to address others and assuming the audience shares that position Used a lot in textbooks etc

Answer 37

Intensification and expansion of cultural flows across the globe Americanization of the world Big companies try to appeal to westerners

Answer 38

Involves assuming a particular culture that is not one's own is better than one's own in some way Ex: Noble savage: idealized representation of primitive culture that symbolizes the innate goodness of humanity when free of corrupting influence of civilization Ex: children of immigrants abandoning their parents culture

Answer 39

-approach to studying the context of an aspect of another culture -exists at two levels 1- level of understanding (bc culture=holistic (everything connected in a system) so nothing can be understood outside of its social/historical/enviro context) 2- level of judging (one view suggests that people shouldn't be judged by the practices of their culture)

Answer 40

Principle of linguistic determinism suggests that the way we view the world is shaped by the language we speak

Answer 41

Situations we define as real become real in their consequences

Answer 42

Concept that given a particular situation, different people will define the situation differently and in contradictory ways based on their own experiences

Answer 43

1- work was product of structural functional perspective = not popular anymore 2- lack consideration of gender, race, ethnicity and other sociological factors that are now considered essential 3- studying small groups in a lab setting is artificial

Answer 44

Recognized social position that a person occupies You can have many statuses at a time (roles) Your collection of statuses = status set Status lies in what you do, not how you feel (ex: gay person marrying opposite sex would not be recognized as homosexual)

Answer 45

Achieved: you get a status at some point in your life but you weren't born into it; usually assume personal ability, accomplishment or act Ascribed: you were born into the status or entered it involuntarily

Answer 46

The degree to which a status is achieved or ascribed depends on how much social mobility exists in the society (how hard it is to change your status or gain a status)

Answer 47

A person who wants to avoid discrimination and whose appearance doesn't clearly give away their true race can claim dominant racial status or pass as another race

Answer 48

Status of a person that dominates all of his or her other statuses in most social contexts Plays biggest role in forming persons social identity Can be job, ethnicity, gender, etc Not always what you want it to be

Answer 49

Statuses can be ranked from high to low based on prestige and power

Answer 50

When all of your social status hierarchies line up | Opposite= status inconsistency

Answer 51

Process by which groups are put into categories that set them within the dominant society or outside of the margins

Answer 52

Outcome of being marginalized as well as a strategy to deal with marginalization Women Doctor only working with women and babies, black teacher working at black school, etc

Answer 53

Set of behaviours and attitudes associated with a particular status Roles attached to a particular status can differ across cultures Ex: role of elder being valued or not in certain cultures Role set=all roles attached to a status

Answer 54

Develops when you have conflicting roles within a role set of a particular status Can also affect a single role (ex: parent who feels better around one of their kids but tries to give them equal time and attention)

Answer 55

Happens when a person is forced to play out incompatible expectations generated from two or more statuses they hold Ex: being a mother and a student

Answer 56

Process of leaving a role that has been central to one's identity, and attempted to come into a new role

Answer 57

Social and cultural principles around which things are structured, ordered and categorized Can be used when talking about cultures, social institutions and cooperations Ex: culture could be organized around principle of egalitarianism (society based on equality) or hierarchy and further organized in terms of the type/form that the egalitarian or hierarchical structure takes (it's social organization)

Answer 58

Account of the origin and ruling principles of the universe, especially the role of humans in relationship to non-humans (living and not living) Heart of organizing principles in ways in which a culture produces knowledge about the world

Answer 59

``` Critical of traditional theories of management Points out that there isn't much in organizational theory and behaviour with race, ethnicity, class it gender even though there are high rates of women and people of colour in the labour force ```

Answer 60

1- formal social movement organizations (professionalized, bureaucratic, inclusive, make few demands of their members) 2- small groups or collectives (organized informally, require a lot of time loyalty and material resources from members) 3- service provider organizations (combine elements of both formal and small group organizations)

Answer 61

-oriented internally around issues of identity or ideology is worse than oriented externally (internal divisions minimized and increased solidarity OR combat-orientated climate that creates hierarchical divisions of labour)

Answer 62

- started with formation of states and writing systems - earliest bureaucrat=scribe - official documents and gov paperwork - big hold ups especially in developing countries - necessary for functioning of complex societies

Answer 63

-looked at bureaucracy -rationalization=term heard often in business reports as a euphemism for firing workers and cutting jobs to reduce costs/become more efficient -four basic elements: 1- efficiency 2- quantification 3- predictability 4- control -emphasis on forms, compared to other types like substantive rationality (substance of values and ethical norms) -started during industrial revolution

Answer 64

- rationality leads to irrationality (causes lack in magic, fantasy and mystery=disenchantment of the west) - bureaucracy is dehumanizing (views people as easily replaceable and makes people feel valueless)

Answer 65

Father of modern statistical analysis | Developed methods to measure capabilities and productivity in individuals

Answer 66

Aka Taylorism Designed to discover the best way of doing a job Team of efficiency experts studied time methods and tools required for a proficient worker to do the best job possible Goal=eliminate inefficient motions or movements

Answer 67

Didn't allow worker to develop a broad set of skills because they were doing the same thing over and over Caused workers to be alienated from their work

Answer 68

- goes against Taylorism - from Japan - incorporated worker input and fostered the idea that workers could be involved in many stages of the manufacturing process - generates better sense of product ownership

Answer 69

Process by which the rationalizing principles of the fast-food restaurant are dominating American society and the rest of the world - uses Weber's four elements of formal rationality (efficiency, quantification, predictability and control) to examine fast food restaurants - EFFICIENCY: streamlined movement in time and effort of people and things; breaking up big tasks into smaller, repeated tasks - QUANTIFICATION: efficiency of process is measured by a large number of quantifiable tasks - PREDICTABILITY: everyone knows what's expected of them ; uniformity of rules - CONTROL: always hierarchical division of labour; replacement of human judgement with the dictates of rules, regulations and structures

Answer 70

State of confusion caused when the bond between individuals and social institutions break down Ex: disconnect between parents and school system

Answer 71

To achieve economic modernization Social order Social control Assimilating Irish labours fleeing potato famine

Answer 72

A better educated work force This fuelled an expansion of universities and colleges across Canada to match the economic boom Said to be for increasing access to education to all classes, but argued to be economically motivated (aka human capital thesis)

Answer 73

Believes that industrial societies invest in factories and equipment to attain greater efficiency, so they invest in schools to enhance the knowledge and skills of their workers -when applied to social inequality: argues that marginalized groups earn less money than dominant groups bc possess less human capital in the form of education, skills and experience

Answer 74

Edu in Canada has historically been based on a MONOCULTURAL model that emphasized assimilation into the dominant culture -flaw: failure to recognize that racial bias and discrimination inside and outside the school system makes the equality almost impossible Ex: focus on English literature in school and not translated works

Answer 75

1971: official policy of multiculturalism -launched initiative to include all cultures in education -based on three fundamental values: 1- learning about your own culture will improve edu achievement 2- " ... " improves quality of opportunity 3- learning about OTHER cultures reduces prejudice and discrimination Problem: teacher uneducated about other cultures and favoured "museum" approach AND failed to recognize that racism is systematic in Canadian society

Answer 76

-problem: multicultural education didn't talk about racial inequality -meant to eliminate institutional and individual barriers to equity -make a classroom enviro where: 1- stereotypes exposed 2- critical examination of info sources 3- alt and missing info provided 4- students equipped to look critically at info received 5- reasons for unequal social status of diff groups can be explored -started in Canada in 1980s -affected how teachers were taught and chosen

Answer 77

Eurocentric curriculum

Answer 78

Hot topic in sociology of education Definition varies depending upon the issue being discussed and the viewpoint of the sociologist discussing it -Merton's three functions: serves the latent (not openly stated in syllabus or course outline) function of a course (or latent dysfunction) -structural functionalist sociologist: performs positive function bc teaches norms of society -conflict sociologist: reproduces class system thereby performing a negative function -concept of cultural capital -discipline as a reinforcement

Answer 79

-group that has been conditioned through specific set of procedures/practices to behave exactly how administrators want them to -three modern forms of disciplinary control: 1- hierarchical observation 2- normalized judgment 3- examination

Answer 80

Education system, as part of hidden curriculum, reproduces class divisions - used to assess tracking (=students divided into categories so that they can be assigned in groups to various kinds of classes) - her findings show that it's based as much on race/class/ethnicity as perceived ability - argued that disproportionate rep of lower class and bob white students in lower track ref elects prejudices of teachers and councillors - lower track leads to lower class jobs

Answer 81

Key of cultural reproduction theory -if students accept that their differential tracking placement is fair, that legitimizes the inequality reproduced by the edu system

Answer 82

- important part of cultural reproduction theory | - institutions like education help upper class kids grow up to be upper class adults and so on

Answer 83

- benefits middle and upper middle class kids because they have better resources and educated parents - high amount of homework reduces family time - affects family relationships bc power struggle and fights

Answer 84

Knowledge that has been deemed inadequate to their task | Ex: lack of aboriginal writers represented in textbooks

Answer 85

Practice of valuing credentials (degrees, diplomas, certificates) over actual knowledge and ability in hiring and promotion of staff Often blocks aboriginal attempts to improve education

Answer 86

1- collaboration between school district people of all levels and local aboriginal communities 2- commitment by administrators and teachers to incorporating aboriginal content into the curriculum 3- creation of influential positions dedicated to aboriginal education 4- relationship building between aboriginal and not communities in the district 5- willingness of school district authorities to share responsibility for making decisions with aboriginal communities

Answer 87

- number increasing bc more uni students, reduction of gov funding, increasing levels of private corporate funding, rising influence of corporate culture - don't get benefits - originally people with other careers who taught for prestige and extra money - low pay (relative deprevation) - bad working conditions - "class war" with full time profs

Answer 88

- happened bc wanted to increase access to education but also from cuts to edu funding - driven by private organizations specializing in delivering edu packages over the Internet - profit may not be real bc expensive tech staff and equipment - commodification (making edu like a package you can buy)

Answer 89

Marxist concept Separation and disconnect between people and the work that they paid to do Involves hierarchical control of a product Intellectual property

Answer 90

Instrumental: courses are narrowly directed to a particular set of tasks (ex: online edu) Critical: analysis of ideas and classroom discussion

Answer 91

1- involuntary part time work for people looking for full time employment 2- low wage, low skill employment for people with valuable skills experience or academic credentials

Answer 92

- rate of unemployment - regional disparity (lack of jobs and resources) - discrimination based on ethnicity, gender, disability, lack of appropriate credentials

Answer 93

Social distance If you know your prof personally, you're less likely to cheat Victimless crime = less guilt

Answer 94

Based on the view that medical practices and beliefs are intensely social

Answer 95

About generating sociological data to help governments and health pros develop the policies that drive healthcare

Answer 96

Contributes significantly to medical sociology, especially when the focus shifts to the practices of the multinational pharma companies, medical schools and privately run (for profit) clinics and hospitals

Answer 97

Talcott Parson (structural functionalism) Being sick comes with certain expectations Critique: only for privileged people, doesn't take gender, ethnicity, etc into account, too general -proposed that sick role contains 5 new expectations now 1- patients in the new economy are responsible for their own illnesses 2- patient is instructed to tread lightly on the system + cannot be trusted (assumed to be abusing the system)

Answer 98

``` Every disease or disorder has a lifespan that it goes through (catch it, get sick, get better or sicker) Affected by sociological factors like gender ethnicity class etc ```

Answer 99

Biomedicine: involves application of standard principles and practices of western scientific disciplines (like bio) in diagnosis and treatment of symptoms of illness (all meds and therapies) Alternative medicine: anything other than biomedicine, like yoga, acupuncture etc, looks at enviro for causes ***are not always mutually inclusive (ex: in hospital births with midwife)

Answer 100

Study of the effect of the mind on health and resistance to disease

Answer 101

Attributes medical conditions to single factors treatable with single remedies Fails to take into account the many factors of a person's health

Answer 102

Failing to recognize that there are different cultures to medicine, each with their own way of interpreting medicine that reflect/reinforce other aspects of their own culture

Answer 103

Related to biomedicine Process by which certain behaviours/conditions are defined as medical problems (rather than moral or legal problems) and medical intervention becomes the focus of remedy and social control Ex: obesity Promotes commodification of healthcare

Answer 104

-happen in industrial societies -impose a society wide substitution of commodities for use values by reshaping the milieu and by appropriating those of its general characteristics which have enabled people so far to cope on their own Ex: medicine taking away people's ability to take care of themselves and each other

Answer 105

Medical system taking away people's freedom to heal themselves or prevent their illnesses 1- clinical iatrogenesis: various ways in which diagnosis and cure cause problems that are bad or worse than the health problems they are meant to resolve (ex: catching a worse illness in the hospital) 2- social iatrogenesis: occurs when political conditions that make society unhealthy are hidden 3- cultural iatrogenesis: happens when knowledge and abilities of the medical community are mythologized to the point where the authority of the health profession takes away the credit to the patient of their recovery

Answer 106

Illness or disease becomes strongly associated with people of a particular background and people of this background are treated negatively because of it Ex: SARS = cultural syndrome (chinese people)

Answer 107

More likely: - screen their patients for preventable illnesses - spend time counselling patients about psychosocial issues - become family physicians - leave the profession sooner Less likely: - become surgeons - be sued for malpractice - join professional organizations

Answer 108

``` Medical care is most exposed to market forces, and less so where such exposure is reduced Means lower class suffers for from medical probs cause lack of healthcare ```

Answer 109

1- relative number of male nurses 2- number of female med students 3- number of people without regular doctors 4- cost of tuition fees for med students

Answer 110

Straying from the norm or the usual (neutral term) Via=path in Latin (stray from the path) Changes with time/place/culture About relative quantity, not quality Definitions of deviance often reflect power

Answer 111

Overt: actions or qualities taken as explicitly violating the culture born Covert: unstated qualities that might make a particular group a target for sanction (ex: age, ethnic background and sex)

Answer 112

- strain theory - sub cultural theory - labelling theory

Answer 113

Strain=disconnect between society's culturally defined goals and the uneven distribution of the means necessary to achieve those goals Can't achieve American Dream, turn to criminal deviance It's a choice

Answer 114

Effort to challenge Merton's strain theory - model of delinquent subculture - Status frustration=failing to succeed in what your status expects from you so turn to another subculture - non utilitarian stealing (not because of need, but because the act of stealing is respected within the deviant subculture) - not inborn; kids learn to delinquent through their peers - wrong in mainstream culture = right in delinquent culture - inverting of sanctions (reactions) - issue: appears as if delinquency is directly made against mainstream society which isn't totally useful

Answer 115

Labels applied to individuals and groups outside the mainstream become internalized both by those called deviant and by the majority group

Answer 116

Important rite of passage for young aboriginal people where they leave on their own, don't eat, and go without sleep in the hopes of having a vision

Answer 117

Not everyone always agrees about what is deviant in one culture When someone disagrees=conflict deviance Ex: legality of marijuana

Answer 118

Social constructionism: Puts forward the idea that certain elements of social life are not natural but artificial, created by society or culture (deviance, gender, race, etc) Essentialism: argues that there is something natural/true/universal and therefore objectively determined about these aspects of social life

Answer 119

Human attribute that is seen to discredit an individual's social identity or label the stigmatized individual or group as deviant 1- bodily stigmata 2- moral stigmata 3- tribal stigmata ***deviance not a QUALITY of the act a person commits, but a consequence of the application by others of rules and sanctions to an "offender"

Answer 120

Image constructed by dominant culture to characterize subcultures, or by a colonizing nation to describe the colonized

Answer 121

Making ethnic background a covert characteristic of deviance, as if all people of an ethnic group are involved in the same supposedly deviant behaviour

Answer 122

One way in which deviance is racialized Any action that is done for reasons of safety/security/public protection that relies on stereotypes about race, colour, ethnicity, religious or place of origin rather than on reasonable suspicion -assumes that the personal characteristics of an individual can be used to predict his or her actions or their tendency to engage in illegal activity -includes incidents involving landlords, service providers, criminal justice system, police, etc

Answer 123

Society dominated by men

Answer 124

Hating women

Answer 125

Refers to social conditions being thought of or structured in a way that favours men and boys over women and girls

Answer 126

Idea that in schools located in poorer, often racialized neighbourhoods , there's a biased application of practices such as "zero tolerance" which creates a misleading perception of higher crime rates (more suspension and expulsion, random locker and student searches, metal detectors, security guards, etc)

Answer 127

``` Knowledge of law and legal system, influential social connections, capacity to present oneself in a way that is deemed respectable Lower class has less access ```

Answer 128

Control of personal information flow to manipulate how others see you and treat you Upper classes are better at this

Answer 129

-defined as crime committed by a person of respectability and high social status in the course of his occupation -split into OCCUPATIONAL and CORPORATE crimes -problematic because suggests that most crime is committed by non whites And that certain crimes that are viewed as white collar like identity theft seem to only be done by white collar people=not true

Answer 130

Way of influencing people, especially young males, to behave accordingly to gender role expectations

Answer 131

Long term existence of significant differences in access to goods and services among social groups Main term used: class

Answer 132

Resources needed to produce good (and therefore wealth) | Went from land to capital

Answer 133

Money needed to build factories, purchase raw materials, and pay labourers to turn those raw materials into manufactured products **defined by author as funds and properties necessary for typical large scale manufacturing and trading Two possible relationships: you either OWNED them or WORKED for those who did

Answer 134

Aristocrats: owners of means of production Peasants: workers

Answer 135

Owners of capital in industrial-era Europe Class=bourgeoisie Proletariat: class of workers (succeeded the peasant class of the industrial era)

Answer 136

Petty/petite bourgeoisie: small time owners with little capital Lumpenproletariat: small time criminals, beggars and unemployed

Answer 137

- targeted booming textile mills of Britain - considered radical bc interfered with natural course of business by severely limiting the hours that people were allowed to work - liberal rules applying to people under 18, not adults

Answer 138

- has corporate/organic identity as real social group - shared sense of common purpose among each class - class consciousness (Highland clearances example, profit over people) - working class has false consciousness (belief that something is in its best interests when it is not)

Answer 139

- didn't agree with Marx's theory of class relations - Marx's materialist approach=too simplistic (more to social inequality than just who owned the means of production) - Weber stressed wealth, prestige and power as three elements that contribute to social inequality (wealth/material resources doesn't just include factories or other property directly involved in making money, but also properties that are highly respected by members of society in question like flashy car, expensive house etc)

Answer 140

- employees of large companies are termed workers, even though their incomes put them on par with some owners and vice versa - need for factors of ethnicity and nation state

Answer 141

1- dominant capitalist class (made up of people who own or control large scale production) 2- middle class (mixed working people) 3- working class/proletariat (made up of people who lack resources or capacities apart from their own labour power)

Answer 142

Sports that offer people from poorer socio-economic backgrounds the chance to reap large financial rewards as professional athletes

Answer 143

Making sports more expensive through getting more professionals to coach rather than parent volunteers

Answer 144

Set of beliefs about society and the people in it | Usually forms a particular economic or political theory

Answer 145

``` Set of beliefs put forward by and supportive of society's dominant culture or classes Marxist terms: reflects class consciousness of ruling class Ex: trickle-town theory in North America (wealth from rich will eventually make its way to the middle and lower classes) ```

Answer 146

Offers a critique of dominant ideology, challenging its justice and universal applicability to society

Answer 147

Dominant ideology that views the individual as a more or less independent player on the sociological scene Reflects a belief in social mobility

Answer 148

Belief that anyone can make it if they are willing to work hard for it Reflects liberal ideology Failing to achieve the American Dream often leads to blaming the victim

Answer 149

Non-coercive methods of maintaining power | Belief that ruling classes use more than just military and police forces to maintain a calm society

Answer 150

Technology making a gap between rich and poor

Answer 151

Occurs when sociologist studying a situation attributes all forms of oppression to class, ignoring or downplaying other factors

Answer 152

Different kind of social stratification that exists in Hindu societies of South Asia Castes=ranked classes that people are born into Associated with certain occupations, dharmas (duties in life), rights to food, colours of clothing, religious practices and imputed personal qualities Five castes: 1- brahmins (highest; political leaders priests teachers) 2- Kshatriyas (military leaders, land owners) 3- vaishyas (merchants and craftspeople) 4- sudras (natural labourers) 5- Dalits or untouchables (butchers, leather workers, street cleaners) **three highest castes known as twice born -banned after independence but caste system is still there informally

Answer 153

Used an units of analysis in stratified sampling aka an approach in statistical research where a sample is taken from each stratum/level of the population rather than taken at random from the whole population Creates more representative sample

Answer 154

Quintile: one of five equal groups into which a population is divided, according to distribution of values of a particular variable (ex: family income) Useful for comparative purposes Deciles: created with similar methodology but population of census families is divided into 10 not 5 Makes finer distinctions with greater capacity to detect inequality

Answer 155

38% under 18, 4.4% over 65 More men than women 10% aboriginal, 11% immigrants and 4% students Mostly families, especially single parent families Social assistance is biggest money source for these families

Answer 156

Production | Social process; starting point to study human societies

Answer 157

Primitive communalism (tribal society) Slave society/antiquity (Greeks Romans) Feudalism (capitalism's immediate predecessor)

Answer 158

Serfdom; unequal relations between landlord and peasant

Answer 159

Exploitation of working class or proletariat by owners of the means of production

Answer 160

Collective ownership of means of production

Answer 161

1- appropriation of means of production aka private or collective 2- how is labour performed aka communally, slavery, etc 3- extent or prevalence of market

Answer 162

- reason and rationality - observation and empirical evidence - critical thought of everything - perfect ability of human beings - change institutions to enhance human condition

Answer 163

Trouble is a private matter belonging to individual Social issue is public matter, value of publics

Answer 164

Dismissal of obvious reasons Integration and regulation cause high rates Have to find right levels through better relationships between state and family and occupational associations may function as communities Integrate person into strong civil society

Answer 165

1- egoistic (melancholy, low integration) 2- altruistic (sacrifice, high integration) 3- anomic (melancholy, low regulation) 4- fatalistic (high regulation)

Answer 166

All human behaviour when the acting individual attaches subjective meaning to it Must take account of the behaviour of others and is thereby oriented in its course

Answer 167

A theory of reproduction (elaborating a sociology of how dominant groups reproduce their domination thru symbolic power) Symbolic power Social space (organized with differential distance, space of lifestyles and status groups characteriZed by diff lifestyles) Habitus (mental structures used to interpret social world, product of internalization) Symbolic capital

Answer 168

Objective (demonstrations by social movements, goal of showing strength etc) Subjective (movements or theorists trying to change perception and appreciation of social world and structures)

Answer 169

Symbolic power | Making divisions and constructing groups in the world

Answer 170

Persons fairly consistent patterns of acting thinking and feeling

Answer 171

Nature (genes): human life depends on functioning of the body and heredity plays a big part in shape, intelligence, musical talent and personality Nurture (culture): current values and behaviour are so diff from grandparents who share genes with us so learning must be essential

Answer 172

Id: instinct and unconscious drives (Eros=life and pleasure, Thanatos=death and aggression) Ego: mediates between conscious and unconscious to make sense of everything Superego: represents conscious and moral messages from socialization

Answer 173

Any society must coerce people to look beyond themselves

Answer 174

Transforms selfish drives into socially acceptable activities like sports and marriage

Answer 175

Generalized from male behaviour | But showed that we internalize social norms and childhood experiences are very important

Answer 176

Temperament: genetically inherited Character: formed in social interaction.

Answer 177

Part of individual's personality composed of self awareness and self image Inseperable from society Taking role of others=humans defining trait Social self develops with social experience (exchange of symbols) Must have theory of mind to understand intention

Answer 178

Learning to take role of other Childhood=crucial Emerges over time with social experience

Answer 179

Widespread cultural norms that we use in reference while evaluating ourselves

Answer 180

Freud: id and superego in conflict Mead: I and me cooperate Nature and nurture are inseparable!

Answer 181

Rise of large formal organizations Organized to achieve goals efficiently Proliferate in gov schools factories hospitals etc

Answer 182

Actual bureaucracies may entrench oligarchy (rule by the few) Pessimistic about future Humanity might end up serving formal organizations Crush human spirit=dehumanizations

Answer 183

``` Fostering a more democratic organizational atmosphere that recognizes and encourages contributions of everyone Ideal type: Hiring and advancement Lifetime security Holistic involvement No specialized training Collective decision making ```

Answer 184

Need to educate future leaders in philosophy so they can lead society to justice and good behaviour We can agree on desired content but need to discuss best method to intro it to people's minds

Answer 185

It's about allowing people's natural insights and inclinations to emerge in supportive enviros Assumption that people are born good and virtuous

Answer 186

Self actualization is the goal | Edu should help individuals get and use all needed resources to become best selves

Answer 187

Manifest functions: intended and readily visible; basic skills in numbers and reading, prepare for world of work, etc Latent: unintended and out of view; teaching obedience and submission to authority, hidden curriculum

Answer 188

``` Focus on latent functions Teach students proper place in society according to sex and class Routine subordination and boredom to prepare for work force ```

Answer 189

Focus on symbols Their creation transmission and interpretation and cultural capital Universities preserve status and privilege of high income kids

Answer 190

Smooth running of society depends on health of its members Sick role Allopathic or conventional medicine

Answer 191

Rights 1- exempted from normal society roles 2- free of blame or responsibilities Duties 1- to want to get well 2- seek technically competent help

Answer 192

Shows negative health consequences of early capitalism Rough lives in shelters with no privacy cleanliness or quiet Little money for food and quality of food in cities was bad

Answer 193

Expansion of what in life is relevant to medicine | Maintenance of absolute control over technical procedures by allopathic medical profession

Answer 194

Macro world level National or societal level Individual-lifestyle level Experiential level (social psychology)

Answer 195

Improved nutrition and hygiene thru sanitation Water purification Advances in birth control

Answer 196

Community level interventions intended to alleviate inequality Like guaranteed income National daycare program Prenatal care for low income mothers Make the system preventative not curative

Answer 197

Technological advances = more social stratification

Answer 198

Marx: ownership or not of means of production Weber: market situation and life chances

Answer 199

Mode of production comprises: Means of production Social relations of production

Answer 200

Understand mechanisms through which surplus labour is appropriated

Answer 201

``` Basis for formation of interests and collective action Dynamic theory of class struggle Class reductionism prevents proper analysis of culture and class ```

Answer 202

Power not only based on economic sphere Concentration of means of power in small minority Separation of majority from means of power Status groups can usurp power (take it)

Answer 203

Class Status Political power/party

Answer 204

Marx: who controls means of production and destination of surplus value? Weber: who controls means of power for controlling and dominating human beings?

Answer 205

Stratified according to their relations to production and acquisitions of goods Status groups: Stratified according to principles of their consumption of goods represented by diff lifestyles