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HHD 3/4 > SAC 1 > Flashcards

SAC 1 Flashcards

(70 cards)

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1
Q

Describe smoking

A

-A practice in which a substance is burned, and the resulting smoke is inhaled to be tasted and absorbed into the bloodstream. Generally, relates to tobacco but other drugs like marijuana can also be smoked

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2
Q

Describe vaping

A

Relates to the e-cigarettes of ‘vapes’
Vapes are battery powered devices that use an element to turn an e-liquid into a vapour which is then inhaled into the lungs

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3
Q

What are the four main diseases/conditions that act as a risk factor for high smoking and vaping rates

A

-CVD
-CANCER
-LOW BIRTH WEIGHT BABIES
-RESPIRATORY CONDITIONS

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4
Q

What are the TWO mechanisms of disease for how smoking and vaping cause CVD

A

-Inhalation of chemicals and tobacco smoke thickens the blood > making it sticky and more likely to form blood clots > blocks blood vessels restricting blood flow >heart attack/stroke
-Inhalation of chemicals in tobacco smoke increase the rate of plaque build up on inside of blood vessel walls making it harder for blood to get through > hypertension/heart attack/stroke

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5
Q

What is the mechansim of disease for how smoking and vaping causes cancer

A

Inhalation of chemicals in tobacco damages DNA that protects against cancer > uncontrollable, abnormal cell growth occurs > cancerous tumours develop e.g lung cancer, mouth cancer, laryngeal cancer

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6
Q

What is the mechanism of disease of how smoking and vaping causes low birth weight babies

A

Smoking during pregnancy reduces blood flow to the baby > reducing nutrients for optimal growth and development > result in low birth weight > underdeveloped immune system > increase susceptibility to infections and comm diseases e.g whooping cough, measles, influenza

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7
Q

What is the mechanism of disease of how smoking causes respiratory diseases (ASTHMA)

A

Exposure to tobacca smoke > triggers asthma whereby muscles in airways tighten > lining inflamed > increased mucous > airways narrow > difficult to breathe

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8
Q

What is the mechanism of disease of how smoking causes respiratory diseases (BRONCHITIS AND EMPHYSEMA)

A

Inhalation of tobacco smoke damages airways and lung tissue (for emphysema, it is damage to the alveoli) > reduced airflow into the lungs > limited ability to utilize oxygen

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9
Q

What is alcohol?

A

They contain ethanol which is a psychoactive and toxic substance with dependence-producing properties.

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10
Q

What is the difference between binge drinking and alcoholism?

A

Binge drinking = consuming more than four standard drinks in one sitting; more short-term outcomes
WHEREAS
Alcoholism = inability to stop drinking or constant desire to drink alcohol contributing to long-term, chronic health outcomes

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11
Q

What are the 4 broad categories of what excessive alcohol can be a risk factor for?

A

Injuries, Overweight and Obesity, Liver Disease, Prenatal and infant health outcomes

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12
Q

Mechanism of disease for how alcohol can cause injuries?

A
  1. Alcohol = depressant drug > slows down CNS including reaction time = may cause falls (bruises, fractures, head injuries) or road traffic accidents
  2. Those under influence of alcohol are more likely to act impulsively and take risks (e.g swimming > drowning) as well as display aggression
  3. MENTAL HEALTH ISSUE = due to events that occur when a person is intoxicated e.g strain on relationships > suicide/self - harm
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13
Q

Mechanism of disease of how alcohol causes overweight and obesity

A

Alcohol is energy dense (high in kilojoules) > contributes to a positive energy balance > unhealthy weight gain > excess adipose tissue >
-strain on heart (CVD)
-strain on pancreas > unable to regulate BGL (T2DM)
-strain on joints e.g knees (OSTEOARTHIRITIS)

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14
Q

Mechanism of disease of how alcohol causes liver disease/cirrhosis/cancer

A

Alcohol is filtered through the liver > excess consumption can cause inflammation and scarring > reduced ability to function and remove toxins from the body > over time = liver disease e.g liver cirrhosis

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15
Q

How alcohol causes prenatal and infant health outcomes

A

Alcohol consumption while pregnant can cause detrimental health outcomes for an unborn child.
-premature birth > low birth weight > underdeveloped immune system …
FASD…

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16
Q

Explain FASD and how alcohol plays a role in this

A

Alcohol = teratogen that readily crosses the placenta and damages the central nervous system and other organs which may impair prenatal and postnatal growth.
FASD = an umbrella term used to describe a group of conditions that can occur in a person who was exposed to alcohol before birth.
FOETAL ALCOHOL SYNDROME = MOST SEVERE > suicide (highest) cause of death
presents symptoms e.g devleopmental delay, sleep disorders, difficulty regulating emotions

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17
Q

What are the four major catergories of conditions that overweight/obesity can lead to?

A

CVD
CANCER
T2DM
OSTEOARTHIRITIS

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18
Q

Mechanism of disease of how obesity/overweight can cause cancer

A

excess adipose tissue > fat cells send signals to the rest of the body > inflamation and higher levels of growth hormone released > increased cell division > increased risk of new cells being abnormal and cancerous (cancer)

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19
Q

Mechanism of disease of how obesity/overweight can cause T2DM

A

excess adipose tissue > can inhibit the body’s ability to produce and use insulin effectively (insulin resistance) > inability to regulate blood glucose levels (type 2 diabetes mellitus)

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20
Q

Mechanism of disease of how obesity/overweight can cause osteoarthiritis

A

excess adipose tissue > increased pressure on joints e.g knees > wearing away of cartilage between joints > less cushioning results in pain and limited mobility (osteoarthiritis)

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21
Q

Name and explain the 3 impacts that overweight/obesity can specifically have in children

A

-TYPE 2 DIABETES
-ASTHMA = excess adipose tissue > inflammatory substances released by fat tissue can impair lung function > asthma
-MENTAL HEALTH ISSUES = excess adipose tissue > negative impact on body image > can cause anxiety and depression

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22
Q

What are fats?

A

Also known as lipids.

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23
Q

How many types of fats are there, name them and classify them as healthier or unhealthy

A

4 types.
-Monounsaturated fats (healthier)
-Polyunsaturated fats (healthier)
-Saturated fats (unhealthy)
-Trans fats (unhealthy)

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24
Q

What is one of the main differences between the types of fats?

A

They way that they impact cholesterol levels in the bloodstream.

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25
What are lipoproteins?
They are particles made of protein and fats (i.e lipids) that carry cholesterol through the bloodstream to the cells.
26
Define cholesterol
Cholesterol is a waxy, fat-like substance produced by the liver and provided by the consumption of animal fats. It is found in all cells of the body and used for the production of hormones and digestive enzymes.
27
What are the two types of lipoproteins?
-Low density lipoproteins -High density lipoproteins
28
Explain LDLs
They carry cholesterol from the liver to the cells. High LDL levels produce a build up of cholesterol i.e plaque inside artery walls
29
Explain HDLs
Absorb cholesterol in the blood and carry it back to the liver to be removed from the body
30
Name a food source for sat and for trans fats
SAT = animal products e.g red meat, eggs and dairy products i.e butter TRANS = highly processed food with long-shelf life e.g donuts, frozen meat pies, supermarket cakes
31
What is the impact on lipoproteins on sat and trans fats?
SAT = INCREASE LDLs TRANS = INCREASE LDLs and DECREASE HDLs
32
Brief summary of the impact on health that sat and trans fats have
Deposits cholesterol inside blood vessel walls, narrowing and hardening (due to calcium deposits) arteries = atherosclerosis
33
What are the two types of unsaturated fats?
POLYUNSATURATED MONOUNSATURATED
34
What are the food souces for poly and mono unsaturated fats?
poly = fish, nuts mono = avocado, olive oil
35
What is the impact on lipoproteins for these unsaturated fats?
poly = increase HDLs poly and mono = decrease LDLs
36
What are the two broad conditions that high intake of fat can cause?
OBESITY CVD
37
Explain the mechanism for how it high fat intake leads to CVD
Overconsumption of sat and trans fats > increase in LDLs > increased plaque on artery walls > narrowing and hardening > atherosclerosis > hypertension, heart attack, stroke
38
Mechanism of disease of how high fat intake leads to obesity and related conditions
Fat is energy dense > can create positive energy balance > unhealthy weight gain > excess adipose tissue > overweight and obesity (THEN CAN TALK ABOUT ALL OBESITY RELATED CONDITIONS)
39
What is sugar?
A type of carbohydrate found naturally in some foods e.g fruit and honey and added to many processed foods e.g lollies, soft drink, flavoured milk
40
What are the two categories of conditions that high intake of sugar can lead to
OBESITY DENTAL CARRIES AND DENTAL DISEASE
41
Mechanism of disease of how high intake of sugar leads to obesity
Sugar is energy dense > can create positive energy balance > unhealthy weight gain > excess adipose tissue > overweight and obesity (THEN CAN TALK ABOUT ALL OBESITY RELATED CONDITIONS)
42
What is periodontitis?
Inflammation and infection of the tissues that support the teeth; in the long-term leading to loosening and loss of teeth
43
Mechanism of disease of how high intake of sugar can cause dental carries
High intake of sugar > food source for bacteria in the mouth > bacteria produce acids that decay tooth enamel > dental carries/dental decay
44
What is fibre?
A carbohydrate found in all foods from plant origin; it is not absorbed by the body but performs essential functions to support optimal health
45
What are the two types of fibre
Insoluble and soluble
46
What are some food sources and characteristics for Insoluble fibre
Food sources = corn, wholegrains, nuts and seeds doesn't lower blood chol levels promotes satiety! x absorb moisture
47
What are some food sources and characteristics for Soluble fibre
Food sources = oats, fruits and vegetables promotes satiety! lowers blood cholesterol levels adds bulk to faeces AND absorbs moisture
48
What are the three broad categories that a low intake of fiber may lead to?
OBESITY CVD COLLORECTAL CANCER
49
Mechanism of disease of how fiber leads to obesity
low intake of fiber > reduced liklihood of feeling full/satiety > more likely to overeat > create positive energy balance > unhealthy weight gain > excess adipose tissue > obesity and obesity related conditions e.g CVD, T2DM, CANCER, OSTEOARTHIRITIS
50
Mechanism of disease of how fiber specifically leads to CVD
low intake of soluble fibre > limits its action of helping to excrete LDL cholestrerol > high cholesterol levels > atherosclerosis > CVD e.g hypertension, heart attack, stroke
51
Mechanism of disease of how fiber leads to collorectal cancer /constipation for morbitiy based indicator
Low intake of insoluble fibre > cancer causing agents linger in the bowel > cancerous polyps may form > colorectal cancer
52
What is a 'polyp'?
A small outgrowth of cells or tissue that occurs in the lining of the colon or rectum.
53
Specific food examples of where fiber, vitamin C and antioxidants could be found
Fiber - oats, corn, wholegrains Vitamin C - oranges, red capsicums Antioxidants - spinach, kale, blueberries
54
What are four mains categories of things that can happen if you have an underconsumption of vegetables?
OBESITY CVD COLORECTAL CANCER COMM DISEASES
55
What is folate and what can underconsumption of pregnant women lead to?
It is a vitamin in vegetables. Underconsumption by pregnant women can result in neural tube defects such a spina bifida > permanent disability
56
Mechanism of disease of how underconsumption of vegetables and fruit causes cancer
Underconsumption of vegetables and fruit > decreased intake of antioxidants > increased levels of free radicals > increased cancer
57
What are dairy foods?
Dairy foods are high in calcium; a mineral responsible for the ossification or hardening of bones and teeth. Dairy includes milk, cheese and yoghurt.
58
What are two categories that underconsumption of dairy foods lead to?
OSTEOPOROSIS DENTAL CARRIES
59
Mechanism of disease of how calcium intake is linked to osteoporosis
Underconsumption of dairy foods > lower calcium intake > lower bone density and strength > osteoporosis > fractures (particulary for older people e.g 60+)
60
Mechanism of disease of how calcium intake is linked to dental carries/tooth decay
Underconsumption of dairy foods > lower calcium intake > underdeveloped teeth > dental carries/tooth decay
61
What is salt?
Salt is a mineral and is made up of sodium and chloride. Sodium is the substance in salt that affects blood pressure. e.g salted chips, salted popcorn, bacon
62
What are the two categories of conditions that salt is a risk factor for?
HYPERTENSION OSTEOPOROSIS
63
Mechanism of disease of how salt leads to hypertension
high intake of salt > sodium draws water out of cells > increased blood volume > increased blood pressure (hypertension) > strain of the heart, increase CVD e.g heart failure
64
Mechanism of disease of how salt leads to osteoporosis
high salt intake > removal of excess salt causes increased secretion of calcium in unrine > weakening of bones > increased rate of osteoporosis > increased YLD from osteoporosis
65
Define biological factors
Factors relating to the body that impact on health
66
Examples of biological factors
Genetics, body weight, birth weight, blood cholesterol levels, blood pressure, glucose regulation, sex and hormones, age
67
Define sociocultural factors
The social and cultural condition into which people are born, grow, live, work and age.
68
Examples of sociocultural factors
Income, employment, education, food security, early life experiences, social connections/networks
69
Define environmental factors
The physical surroundings in which we live, work and play
70
Examples of environmental factors
Housing quality, workplace conditions, urban design and infrastructure

HHD 3/4 (2 decks)

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