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SAC 1 - ethical product design and development Flashcards

(105 cards)

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1
Q

What is one off manufacturing

A

one off product made custom for the end user, usually more expensive and can be hand made.
it can be costly in terms of labour and materials, but usually results in high quality.
- made one at a time
quality of product depends on skill of creator
example= designer fittings, custom products

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2
Q

what are technologies used in one off manufacturing?

A
  • hand operated machines
  • CAD
  • 3D printing
  • Laser cutting
  • Hand tools
  • some ‘factory’ technologies
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3
Q

what is low-volume manufacturing

A

is batch production as a small amount of products are made identically, It is usually used when making a new specialised product.
- allows for more quality checking
- costs more due to higher costs of material
- can be quickly adapted to design changes
example= speaknshare, luxury products, mr winston

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4
Q

what are technologies used in Low-volume manufacturing?

A

takes place in a factory , making use of the technologies available as-well as made in a small area or with individual assembly line.
- CAD
- CAM
- CNC
- automation
- robotics
- laser or 3D printing

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5
Q

what is High/mass volume manufacturing

A

it is the fast, automated production of thousands or millions of identical items. it is suitable for a worldwide need for a large number of people without customisation.

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6
Q

what are technologies used in High-volume manufacturing?

A

requires bith skilled and un skolled worker as it can utilise technologies for the orocesses,
- automation
- CAD to feed CAM
- CNC
- AI
- laser
- 3D printing

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7
Q

what is continuous production manufacturing

A

occurs 24/7 and is suitable for products with few variations. it is suitable for contexts where there is a great need for the product.
operating continuously prevents changes in heart or time sensitive materials and capitalised on set up costs.

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8
Q

what are technologies used in continuous production manufacturing?

A

SAME AS HIGH VOLUME

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9
Q

What are the similarities between lean manufacturing and flexbible and responsive manufacturing

A
  • both need to be improving their quality of their products
  • both interlink
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10
Q

what are the differences between lean and flexible+responsible manufacturing

A

LEAN:
- aims to reduce costs
- overproduction occurs
RES/FLEZ:
- have to make good quality products
- can change products due to trends

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11
Q

what is lean manufacturing

A

Lean manufacturing is a manufacturing practice that aims for reduced cost per unit, while maintaining and improving quality.

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12
Q

what is flexible and responsible manufacturing

A

‘agile manufacturing’
is easily achieved through ‘lean’ manufacturing strategies; it allows manufacturers to change production with little notice and without complicated or expensive changes in the technological systems used. It means that manufacturers can cater for more customised products from small niche businesses and can respond quickly to changes in trends (or sales) by updating styles.

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13
Q

what are the sustainability frameworks and stratergies

A
  • 6’rs
  • Design for disassembly (D4D)
  • Circular economy
  • Triple bottom line (3BL)
  • Cradle 2 Cradle (c2c)
  • Life cycle analysis (LCA)
  • Extended producer responsibility
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14
Q

what are the 6Rs

A

rethink, refuse, reduce, reuse, recycle, repair
Helps designers, manufacturers, retailers and consumers make more sustainable choices around the design, use and purchasing of physical products

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15
Q

what is rethink

A

rethink whether a product is nessecary, and secondly, how the product can be made and or disposed of.

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16
Q

what is refuse

A

refuse anything that is not necessary, such as a whole product that can never be reused or that will never break down once disposed of and that contributes ti a negative environmental impact.
also refuse a product made with materials that cannot be reused or will not break down

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17
Q

what is reduce

A

reduce the size of the product or the amount of materials used.
reduce the amount of energy that is required when using product.
reduce amount of water requires for its use. (eg washing it)

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18
Q

what is reuse

A

reuse a product and its material for a different purpose

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19
Q

what is recycle

A

turn a material into a new material. make use of materials that have been recycled. design/make a product from recycled materials.

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20
Q

what is repair

A

Fix a product to extend its life, design and make products that can be repaired, so that components can be replaces to keep the product in good working order or the exterior treated t keep it looking good. allow consumers the ‘right to repair’ instead of mandating brand certified repairers.

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21
Q

what is circular economy

A

A circular economy is seen as a system to combat these issues such as the consumption of materials and recourse and the creation of waste and pollution.

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22
Q

what is the cradle to cradle approach

A

C2C aims to ensure that all waste created during all stages of manufacturing is useful in some way and ca be composted as food for biological and technical systems.

The Cradle to Cradle concept emphasises a plan for the end of life of a product, so that the materials continue to be reused in some way. It emphasises ‘upcycling’ rather than ‘downcycling’:

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22
Q

what is design for disassembly

A

Design for Disassembly (DfD) uses the design stage to consider how parts and components of an entire product are joined and how they can be easily separated at the end of its life.

The intention is to minimise the loss of value at disposal and reduce the resources required to create new products, which can also reduce production costs.

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23
Q

what is extended producer responsibility

A

where producers (companies) are made responsible for managing the environmental impact of their products, particularly at the end of a product’s useful life. They are expected to ‘take back’ the product from consumers when it is no longer useful and put it back into the manufacturing of new products.

Developed to reduce the amount of waste and pollution going to landfill, limit the use of water and energy and lower greenhouse gas emissions during the manufacture of goods.

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23
what is lifecycle analysis/assesment
it refers to the whole cycle of a product’s manufacture: all the resource inputs from sourcing of materials, useful life and the impact of disposal/reuse. This is a scientific assessment of a product’s impact at every stage. - The purpose of an LCA is to compare - A true LCA is costly, resource intensive and time consuming - Looks at a product from ‘cradle to grave’
24
what is tripple bottom line
Triple bottom line is a framework that encourages companies not only to focus on profits but to also consider social and environmental impacts – how to improve people’s lives and the wellbeing of the planet.
25
what are the pillars of TBL + sustainability
- Planet - profit - people
26
PLANET
looking after our natural resources. - choosing materials that come from an ethical source or that can be reused or recycled later - reducing energy and water use where possible by using efficient technologies and efficient methods to distribute products - managing waste and pollution - reducing the consumption of resources - reducing the disruption to, and destruction of , natural ecosystems. - considering the needs of non human creatures, plants and organisms.
27
PROFIT
staying in business ethically - managing and taking responsibility for long term financial viability - avoiding unethical or unfair methods of making profits - honesty and accurately calculating and predicting overheads - paying bills, taxes, costs and wages fairly in reasonable time frames - ensuring quality and price are consistent across all regions - connecting wth other ethical business in the supply chain - investing in research and development that contributes to sustainability for the benefit of all.
28
PEOPLE
supporting the health of all people, worker and communities. - considering and improving the loving conditions, health and social impact on consumers, societies and worker throughout the whole life cycle of a product, from extracting raw materials, processing and manufacturing to use and disposal of product. - giving back to the community - ensuring workers receive a living wage and do not experience under pressure long work hours or unsafe condition's and have opportunities ro be trained. ensuring all products are safe and not damaging to consumer' mental or physical health.
29
what is planned obsolescence
Planned obsolescence is sometimes called ‘inbuilt obsolescence’ as it is built into the design, so that the product becomes obsolete within a few months or a few years. It is often driven by cost cutting in construction or material choices, resulting in products of lesser quality, which have shorter lives. - smart phones: every update slows down
30
what are the types of planned obsolescence
style, technical and functional
31
what is style obsolescence
Style obsolescence relates to the changing nature of trends and fashions. Products go through regular changes in appearance and style, which encourages people to replace the older-styled product with something more fashionable.
32
what is the consumer benefits of style obsolescence
- consumer updating with trends, can continue to keep up with trends. - buy more cheap items
33
what is the consumer problems of style obsolescence
- when consumer update with trends they need to buy more products, meaning loss of money - some clothes can be made to a poor quality making consumer buy more often
34
what is the producer benefits of style obsolescence
style often changes, meaning more brought, more money
35
what is the producer problems of style obsolescence
- if items are made to a poor quality, consumers may not buy anymore - if products are too expensive- will not be brought
36
what is technical obsolescence
Technical obsolescence occurs when products become obsolete once a new technology or design feature/function is developed. technology is advancing and products become obsolete
37
what is the consumer benefits of technical obsolescence
- ease of use - get more upgrades in technology products - new products- first for new things
38
what is the consumer problems of technical obsolescence
- need to constantly buy newer and better products to keep up - continually updating
39
what is the producer benefits of technical obsolescence
- gets more money due to more items brought for new updates in technology - more popularity
40
what is the producer problems of technical obsolescence
- need to continually update their products to have them brought by consumers
41
what is functional obsolescence
Functional obsolescence is what results when manufacturers choose lower quality materials and construction processes, knowing that the product will be less durable. - One reason for it is the belief that there is no point creating a high-quality, long-lasting ‘casing’ or structure for a product because the underlying technology will be constantly evolving. - Another reason is manufacturing costs- higher quality materials are more expensive
42
what is the consumer benefits of functional obsolescence
- affordable - ease of use for life
43
what is the consumer problems of functional obsolescence
- might be made at a bad quality
44
what is the producer benefits of functional obsolescence
- quicker to produce
45
what is the producer problems of functional obsolescence
- need to make good quality due to demand of better quality products
46
what is AI
Artificial intelligence (AI) can be used to improve overall productivity and operational efficiency in manufacturing. AI involves complex computer programming that uses machine learning (ML) to make decisions on manufacturing processes that are efficient and economic by analysing data quickly without human interaction.
47
what is the impact of AI on processes used in production
- collect and respond to a large amount of operational data - move parts around the factory so no humans are needed - use automated image recognition to perform quality checks and inspections to reduce errors/defects - find and identify patterns that are unseen by humans, particularly of small errors resulting in defective products that need to be discarded - predict maintenance that will be needed and perform it
48
what is CAD
In computer-aided design, designs can be developed from scanned sketches or drawings, or they can be created from scratch.
49
what is the impact of CAD on processes used in production
- Can be used for one off manufacturing and high volume. - CAD files are linked quickly and easily to computer- aided manufacturing - CAD allows changes to designs to be made quickly and accurately, avoiding errors in calculation.
50
what is CAM
Computer-aided manufacturing is the use of digital information (from CAD designs) to directly drive machines and manufacturing systems. Companies design and create instructions in CAD that work in conjunction with CAM, which controls and automates technology.
51
what is the impact of CAM on processes used in production
- CAM is suitable for both low-volume and high-volume manufacturing as the digital designs can be easily updated or customised. - It may also be useful in creating parts or the whole of a large, complex one-off product. - CAM allows designs to become physical in a short time. - It increases accuracy by removing opportunities for human error, reduces material wastage
52
what is CNC
Computer numerical control is the automation of machine tools and the use of CAD/CAM programs in a series of highly complex steps to create parts and components. CNC coordinates numeric information to control position, movement and speed of machining parts that are calculated from designs and sent directly to CNC machinery.
53
what is the impact of CNC on processes used in production
- laser cutting, flame and plasma cutting, sawing - welding, friction stir welding, ultrasonic welding bending - edging, lathe spinning and router cutting - spinning, pinning, gluing, fabric cutting, sewing, tape and fibre placement - routing, picking and placing (PnP) - CNC has dramatically reduced the number of machining steps that require human action, as well as making considerable improvements in consistency and quality.
54
What is rapid 3D prototyping
to create a rapid prototype or 3D printed object, a digital file on CAD is sent to a specific printer, where it is built. it is used to shape plastic
55
what is the impact of 3D prototyping on processes used in production
- greatly reduced time needed to produce a physical prototype – from months to overnight. - Most 3D printing uses some kind of plastic filament depending on the properties required - Solid metal parts can also be printed, but this is an expensive process. - It is a developing field, and research continues to find other materials suitable for 3D printing and applications.
56
what is robotics
Robots, like lasers, are speedy, accurate and safe. They are automated machines, and can be programmed to work long hours, completing repetitive tasks. Robots don’t tire out and can be programmed to work non-stop. - BOLK
57
what is the impact of robotics on processes used in production
They perform processing activities, - welding and painting, material handling, assembly and inspection. The name ‘robot’ is also applied to complex computers that mimic human movement, but with much more available movement and reach.
58
what are experimental materials
- mycelium - innovative polymers - composite metals - repurposed plastics
59
what is mycelium
Mycelium is the mass of white thread-like root matter of fungi. It lives mostly Underground. In edible fungi, it produces the fruit buds that we eat as mushrooms. it creates a network that has digestive qualities to break down organic matter in soil into smaller molecules to feed itself and bonding qualities that ‘glue’ the organic matter together into a felt-like structure.
60
What is mycelium sustainable and worldview impact?
- They are compostable by adding water, but this is dependent on any polymers added and the conditions - They can reduce waste by regeneration - Production uses less energy - They are strong but lightweight. - They can be shaped into almost any form.
61
what is innovative polymers used for 3D printing
polymer is any of a class of natural or synthetic substances composed of very large molecules. types of innovative polymers are, biodegradable polymers, conductive polymers, biocompatible polymers, fibre-reinforced polymers.
62
What is innovative polymers sustainable and worldview impact?
- require less material than subtractive manufacturing - reduce waste - create customised products on demand with desired properties.
63
what is composite metals
Composite metals, combine two or more metal elements or have another material added such as a ceramic or a fibre. This is done to give improved properties, such as increased strength, hardness or stiffness, lower weight, wear resistance and corrosion resistance.
64
What is composite metals sustainable and worldview impact?
Composite metals are used when a combination of strength, stiffness and wear resistance is required. They are typically lighter than solid metals, so using them can reduce the weight of structures.
65
what is repurposed plastics
Repurposed plastics are plastics that have been recycled or recovered from waste and used for a new purpose.
66
What is repurposed plastics sustainable and worldview impact?
- Using repurposed plastics can help to reduce the amount of plastic waste that ends up in landfill and the environment. - They can reduce the need for processing of virgin plastic.
67
What are alternative materials
vegan leather and bamboo
68
what is vegan leather - instead of animal hide/leather
Vegan leather can be made from two types of source material: - petroleum-based plastics – called synthetic leather, faux leather or pleather - plant-based materials - Petroleum-based vegan leather does not use animal hide
69
What is vegan leather sustainable and worldview impact?
Plant-based or mycelium-based leather has a smaller impact on the environment during the sourcing of raw materials and processing. The raw materials are often plant waste. - not as comfortable as real leather Animal hide leather is extremely durable and long-lasting, is mildly flexible and moulds to the wearer, can be coloured and is water-resistant, windproof and warm. When it is disposed of, it usually biodegrades, depending on how it has been treated or coloured. - comes from animals
70
what is bamboo- instead of hardwoods
Bamboo is a type of grass that grows very fast and regenerates so easily that in some locations it becomes a pest. The stems are hollow but they are super strong and lightweight. If used straight from the plant, bamboo is very sustainable
71
What is bamboo sustainable and worldview impact?
- quick growing - easy regeneration - strong and lightweight - needs to be processed
72
stratergies of lean manufacturing (8)
- catering to actual deman, not just predicted - using low volume production - being effiecient and organised - cell production - flow in production - value/quality - continous improvement - identify customer needs
73
what is sustainability
meeting the needs of the present without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs - making the best choices for the planet’s health by protecting the natural environment
74
what are the three principles of circular economy?
to ‘circulate’ products and materials, to reduce waste and pollution to preserve nature.
75
what is the technical cycle in circular economy
The technical cycle is about keeping materials (such as metals and plastics) that come from finite sources in circulation by reusing or recycling them.
76
what is the biological cycle in circular economy.
The biological cycle is about materials (such as cotton and wood) that are renewable and can be composted or biodegraded when they are disposed of, meaning they are returned to the Earth.
77
the purposes for D4D
- to enable easy repair and replacement of parts or components to extend the product’s life - to enable the reuse or recycling of materials or components upon disposal.
78
EPR stratergies for producers
- designing products for longevity - avoiding the incorporation of parts that cannot be replaced or that need constant replacement, such as throwaway filters - using DfD approaches such as labelling of different materials and modularity to enable reuse and/or recycling - educating consumers on how to maintain or repair a product with minimal negative environmental impact and where and how to dispose of the product safely when they are finished with it - offering free ‘take back’ systems for disposed products.
79
what are the reasons for obsolescence
- is no longer useful or usable - is out of date - has broken parts that cannot be replaced - cannot be used with current technology - is replaced by another product that is more efficient.
80
examples of planned obsolescence
Smartphones- built in technology every update that slows down the processing abilities
81
examples of functional obsolescence
- Washing machines - Refrigerators - Appliances such as these used to be expected to last between 10-20 years juxtapose to now where they usually last between 5-10 years - shein
82
examples of style obsolescence
- Shoes - Clothing - Jackets - Furniture - Any apparel items
83
examples of technical obsolescence
- Phones - Headphones - Laptops - Any technological device - small batteries - artificial intelligence
84
what is laser technology
a laser is an intense beam of monochromatic light that is concentrated through a special lens. Lasers can be harmful to human eyesight and are classed according to the degree of hazard they pose.
85
what is the impact of laser on processes used in production
- cutting complex shapes and curves, and/or many layers at the same time, accurately and in a clean way, - giving ultra-high quality edges that reduce extra ‘finishing’ techniques required - body scanning for measurements - surface treatments such as embossing, imprinting, engraving or hardening metals - detecting faults such as puckering of seams in clothing or irregular weave/prints of fabrics - welding using low heat, used for tiny and/or thin materials
86
what is automation
Automation is the automated control of technologies and machines, usually by computers. The aim of automation is to increase production efficiency and accuracy, by reducing human input and therefore human error.
87
processes
a procedure where you do something to acheive a certain result
88
properties
relates to how a meterial performs and behaves in a different situation
89
characteristics
the visual and textural aspects that are inherent in or typical of a material.
90
the three dimensions of sustainability
- social - economic - environmental
91
social
workers and communities are treated well and products benefit people/society
92
economic
profits are made but financial dealings are well managed and transparent and/or ethical
93
environmental
use of resources, waste and pollution are minimised
94
what are the benefits of low volume
that the product quality can be more refined.
95
problem of low volume
costs more due to material
96
high volume benefit
more products can be made efficiently
97
problem high volume
that there is more chance of errors
98
LCA - Material sourcing, extraction and processing
possible use of recycled materials particularly metals. eg. cotton – heavy water usage and use of pesticides and herbicides timber - destruction of forests and animal habitats or high-water usage for plantation
99
LCA - transportation
distance between location of materials’ source to a processing plant, on to manufacturing, to point of sale/use; national/ international distances; forms of transport; weight/size
100
LCA - Production/manufacture
use of energy, production of pollution, waste, toxins
101
LCA - use
length of useful life (quality/obsolescence, fashion/fad), energy/fuel required to use or to wash, toxins/wastes produced through use e.g. microfibres from washing synthetic clothes, maintenance needs (e.g. washing v’s dry cleaning), ability to be repaired
102
LCA - disposal
reused, repaired, refurbished, recycled, composted, incinerated or sent to landfill.
103
emerging tech associated enviornment, social and economic issues
(increase in profits providing employment but also loss of employment for some, increased inequality – possible increase in crime, bigger volumes of products created - more resources used, more waste created, etc.)

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