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Biology 1/2 > SAC 2 > Flashcards

SAC 2 Flashcards

(80 cards)

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1
Q

What are the vascular tissues in plants?

A

Xylem and phloem

Xylem transports water and minerals from the root and pholem transports

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2
Q

What are the organs in vascular plants?

A

Flowers,stems,leaves,roots and fruits

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3
Q

What does Xylem consist of?

A

Vessel elements and tracheids

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4
Q

Talk about:

Xylem vessel

A

Water-filled tube consisting dead elongated cells joined end to end.They have perforationas and pits on the sides of the tube for water to flow.
.No nucleus or cytoplasm

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5
Q

Talk about:

Trachieds

A

Are long,tapering water filled specialised cells, unlike vessels they are not connected end to end, instead overlap with pits.

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6
Q

Talk about Phloem

Phloem

A

Transports sugars(site) to the site of use or storage(stems or roots)
.Alive.

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7
Q

What are the leaf’s layers?

A

.Upper epidermis(covered by cuticle)
.Mesophyll cells(Site of photosynthesis)
.Lower epidermis(at the bottom consist stomatas regulating gas exchange)

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8
Q

What is fermentation?

A

The breakdown of cellulose anaerobically in chambers

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9
Q

Diffrence between hindgut fermenters and Foregut?

A

In Hindgut, fermentation occurs in the caecum which is after the stomach.
In foregut, fermetation occurs in rumen before the stomach.

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10
Q

What is signal Transduction?

A

The process involved of a cell detecting and responding to a signalling molecule(hormone eg)

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11
Q

What is the function of the excretory system?

A

Is to remove waste substances, like carbon dioxide and nitrogenous wastes from damaging cells.The main excertory is kidneys excreting nitrogenous wastes in urine

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12
Q

How are nitrogenous wastes formed

A

Protien breakdown

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13
Q

How does the liver produce waste for excretory?

A

Liver breaks down amino acids to realease ammonia which converts to urea. This is then moved to the blood stream to the kidneys.

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14
Q

explain adh and its purpose

ADH

A

Antidiuretic hormone is screted from the pituatary gland increases the permiability of the collecting duct in the nephrons (kidney) to allow increase of reabsorption of water.

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15
Q

What detects blood glucose level change?

A

Receptors from the pancreas, blood glucose should be around 3.5-8mmol/L

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16
Q

What is in the islets of Langerhan

A

The two main cells are alpha cells and beta cells. Alpha releases glucagon which increases blood glucose levels and beta releases insulin, reducing glucose by storing in liver

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17
Q

What is it and when does it form

Type 1 Diabetes

A

An autoimmune disease where at a young age immune system destroys beta cells in pancreas by accident. This creates build up of glucose, insulin injections help with this.(Hyperglycemia)

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18
Q

Type 2 Diabetes

A

When your cells do not respond to insulin. Causing high blood sugar levels and developed later in life. This is prevented by low diet and exercise.(Hypoglycemia)

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19
Q

What is osmoregulation?

A

The maintenence of balance between water and solute concentrations

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20
Q

What monitors water/solute concentration?

A

Osmoreceptors in the hypothalamus and barorecptors in heart.

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21
Q

HYPERthyroidism and HYPOthyroidism

A

A condition which excess amounts of hormones t3 and t4 is secreted.
And hypo is the producing t3 and t4 less than needed

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22
Q

Causes of HYPERthyroidism

A

Graves disease, and antibody made unknownly, mimicking TSH called Thryoid stimulation immungloubin. Making more t3 and t4 needed.

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23
Q

Symptoms of Hyperthyroidism

A

Weight loss, brittle hair, rapid heart rate, goitre on neck

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24
Q

What is Homeostasis?

A

The maintenence of a stable internal enviroment within an organism.

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25
What two systems are importnt for homeostasis
The endocrine system and Nervous system.
26
What are negative feedback loops and what is in it?
They promote stability in internal enviorment be responding to changes. There is the STIMULUS then RECEPTOR then CONTROL CENTER(hypo for eg) then EFFECTOR(responds and orignal state restored)
27
The positive feed back loops
Forces body out of homeostasis by increasing stimulus for example giving birth until out.
28
What is thermoregulation
The maintenence of core body tempreture
29
Heat loss ways?
Conduction- Through direct contact from hot to cold objects Convection- occurs through the movement of liquid or gas. Wind helps move air away from your body by convection. Radiation-Occurs without contact to matter Evaporation-Heat loss by body surface water evaporation.
30
What are the levels of organisation?
Specialised cell->Tissue->Organ->System
31
What is the disadvantage of non vascular plants?
Not having vascular tissue limits their size and structural support.
32
What two systems are in vascular plants?
The root system(used to absorb water and nutrients) and shoot system(laves, stems and reporoductive parts like fruits and flowers)
33
What does stomata do?
Regulates gas exhange through diffusion using two guard cells that open and close by water pressure | They are commonly found under the leaf
34
What is the loss of water through leaves called
Transpiration
35
How is water and minerals absorbed in the roots?
Water is done by osmosis so passive, and root hair cells take up minerals by active or by diffusion.
36
What is in phloem
Consists of sieve cells and companion cells. Companion cells actively move sucrose and amino acids from the source into the sieve cells.
37
Which one of the both xylem and Pholem in Bidirectional?
Pholem
38
What is the purpose of transpiration?
Cools the plants,transports minerals and water for photosyntheis
39
What affects the rate of transpirtation?
The light intensity The humidity The tempreture The air(Wind)
40
What is translocation?
The movemnt of organic solutes( basically the phlolem sap leaf- roots)
41
How does pholem sap move?
As sucrose enters the solute concentration is high so xylem water moves to pholem due to osmosis creating a hydrostatic pressure. The positive gradient moves the sap along the walls.
42
What two ways does root absorption pathways?
Cytoplasmic pathway or cell wall pathway
43
How does substances move through root cells?(Cytoplasm path)
Plasmodesmata channels
44
What does the casparian strip do
Its waterproof layer forces water to move through cytoplasm, regulating what enters the xylem
45
What do animals require in diet?
Carbohydrates, Lipids, Amino acids and vitimans and minerals
46
What is digestion?
Ingestion(Eating), Digestion(food breakdown chemical and physical) Absorption(Blood absorp),egestion(food not absorbed as faceses)
47
Foregut fermenters
Stomach or oseophagus very large to accomodate bacterial digestion
48
What happens in Rumen
Cellulose is broken here using enxymes called cullulase made by microbes
49
Hindgut fermenters
Both colon and caecum located after the small intestine Not absorbed properly
50
Is digestion in canivores quicker than herbivores?
Yes, their gut has all enzymes needed and the digestive system is shorter and very small cecacum
51
What does chemical digestion do?
The chemicals break down chemical bonds to make food souluble
52
Where does digestion begin?
The mouth undergoes physical and chemical digestion
53
What do enzymes do and how do they wokr
Enzyme spped up chemical reactions, in the right PH level, the specific active site connects to substrate and break down or induce
54
What happens when you breakdown carbohydrate
Amylase breaks it down the starch to maltose then broken tdown to glucose
55
How many amino acid types are there in one protien chain?
20
56
What enzyme breaks protiens
Proteases
57
What breaks fats?
Lipidase break fats, between the glycerol phosphate and fatty acids.
58
What is epiglottis?
Blocks fodd from going to trachea
59
How does food move down digestive system
Muscular contractions cslled peristalsis
60
What is stomach
Muscular bag with HCL that attacks microbes on food. The acid is perfect for pepsin
61
What protects the lining of the stomach?
Mucus produced by the lining cells protects
62
What consists the gastric juices
HCL, food, mucus and enzyme solution
63
How is lining of small intestine protected by gastric juices?
Mucus and bile protects the lining
64
What is neutralisation in small intestine
Bile ph and gastric ph meeting to neutralise, making it perfect for lipases to emulsify fats
65
What is the purpose of large intestine?
Water and other electorlytes is absorbed to the blood and is left with waste
66
What is the diffrence bwtween hormones and nervous impules
Hromones is slower but longer lasting
67
What reporductive organes is found in females
Oestrogen and progestrone
68
What reporductive organes is found in males
testes
69
What specific hormones are secreted by pituary glands for emales
follicle stimulating hormone (FSH) causes follicle in ovary to develop and secrete oestrogen
70
What is the hypothalamus
The collection centre, processing info like smell,pain,emotions
71
What cell in hypothalamus produce realeasing hormones?
Neurosecretory Cells
72
What system does rapid response
Nervos system
73
What are the majort sense organs
chemoreceptors:sensitive to chemicals mechanoreceptors:forces that make change in shape Photoreceptors:Light eg vision Thermorecptors: heat and cold exposure Pain receptor-Harmful external
74
What is a ectotherm
Animals that depend on their enviroment for body temp regulation
75
What is endotherm
Animals who can regulate their own body tempreture through metabolic processes or physical process like fur
76
What is your core body temp range
35 - 41.7
77
Mechanaisms to prevent heat loss/gain
Vasoconstriction where contrict blood flow to sin to reduce area for heat loss, warming u up Vasodilation increases blood flow to skin, increasing area for heat loss cooling u down. Excreotry system
78
How much filtrate is excreted?
180 L of filtrate passes through each day but only 2 L is excreted. 99% of water reabsorbed
79
Meaning of metabolism
The chemical changes that take place in a cell or an organism
80
Purpose of t3 and t4 hormones
T3 and T4 increase the basal metabolic rate. They make all of cells in the body work harder, so the cells need more energy too.

Biology 1/2 (6 decks)

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