SAC 2 Flashcards
(97 cards)
1
Q
Recent fads/trends
A
- Low carb diets (decreased sales of all types of cereal)
- Zero sugar drinks
2
Q
Reasons for increased rates of ready-made meals
A
- An ageing population that lives on their own may be reluctant to prepare meals
- Working parents want to buy and make meals quickly
- The younger generations lack the time and knowledge to prepare foods from scratch
3
Q
Reasons for snacking habit increase
A
- More people are working from home and may be inclined to snack throughout the day
- Snacks are more accessible in convenience stores, vending machines, etc.
4
Q
Trends related to ethics and the environment
A
- Free range products
○ Recently, Australians have been purchasing more free-range eggs than caged eggs - Organic foods
○ Increase due to people’s desire to consume foods that do not contain additional chemicals and their concern for the environment - Plant-based foods
○ Vegans/vegetarians
○ People that believe it is healthier
○ People that believe it is better for the environment
5
Q
Buying locally
A
More people are buying from local or smaller businesses, including farmer’s markets
Why:
- People want to support local communities and farmers
- They believe local produce is fresher and better quality
6
Q
Use of apps for ordering food
A
More people are using mobile apps to order fast food
Why:
- Apps lets users order, pay, and track delivery easily
- COVID-19 lockdowns accelerated the use of food delivery apps, and usage has kept growing
7
Q
Online grocery shopping
A
There has been a dramatic increase in people shopping for groceries online
Why:
- In 2020, COVID-19 lockdowns and the desire to stay home led people to shop online
- Around 45% of people reported shopping for groceries online more now than during the pandemic
8
Q
Meal kit delivery services
A
Meal kits have become more popular in Australia, especially since 2020
Why:
- Popular among people born between 1976-2005
- More used by women and people living in cities
- Some concerns exist about nutritional quality of the meals: high salt, sugar, saturated fat; low fibre
9
Q
Social factors
A
- Education
- Income
- Location
- Accommodation
- Cultural norms
- Available time
10
Q
Education
A
People that are more educated in food may make more informed choices by:
- Interpreting food labels, diets, and advertisements, some of which may be misleading
- Applying practical, safe food preparation, and cooking skills to make nutritious snacks and meals
- Being aware of ethical and environmental issues related to sustainability
- Recognising discretionary food and understanding the impact of these foods on health and wellbeing
People that are educated are also more likely to make nutritious, healthy food choices
11
Q
Income
A
- Sometimes healthy food options are not always the cheapest
- People who earn more may have more disposable income to spend on discretionary food choices and consume more snacks and meals
12
Q
Location
A
- Access to quality food can be limited by geographical location in Australia
- People who live in smaller populated remote places report poorer access to good quality nutritious food than those in densely populated areas
13
Q
Remote locations
A
- Rates of food insecurity (lack of access to food for an active and healthy life) are high
- Supermarkets are less common
- General stores are available but are often more expensive and may have less quantity, quality or diversity of food available as well as being long distances
- Those without private vehicles rely on public transport which is unreliable to transport large quantities of food
14
Q
More populated locations
A
- More supermarkets and specialty food shops
- In major cities, most people live within 1km of a supermarket
- Likely own private vehicles
15
Q
Income and location
A
- People that live in wealthier areas tend to have more shops that sell a variety food
- Possibly have fewer fast-food outlets in these areas
- Most fast food outlets are located near schools or low-socioeconomic areas where people are likely to purchase cheap food
16
Q
Accomodation
A
- The size and appliances available in a kitchen will impact the food people can store, prepare, and cook
- Some types of accommodation may lack the facilities to store it
- With no accommodation, they cannot cook meals, store groceries, or have a safe place to eat which may result in food insecurity and poor nutrition
17
Q
Cultural norms
A
- They are a standard set of behaviours, expectations and rules within a group of people that are considered normal
- Can affect:
○ how you eat
○ what food you eat
○ when you eat
○ where you eat food
○ how you prepare it - Our food choices can primarily depend on the social group we want to be accepted by or socialise with
- People often use food to maintain and express their culture. Making their cultural dishes helps them maintain their cultural norms
18
Q
Available time
A
- People may be too busy with work, daycare or school commitments, after-school activities, and social activities
- The added pressure to plan, shop, store, prepare and clean up after cooking a meal can sometimes be stressful
- Consuming convenience food may seem much easier and less stressful than making a nutritious homemade meal
- Meal delivery kits are designed for people who want to cook meals but do not want or have time to plan and shop for them
19
Q
The social role of food
A
- Refers to how people use food to communicate and connect with others in social settings.
- Food also plays a social role when it is shared with others
20
Q
The emotional role of food
A
- The food we prepare and consume can impact or trigger certain emotions.
- Food may help people cope or express specific emotions.
- Our emotions can also affect our food choices
21
Q
Social vs Emotional
A
- The social role of food is about how food is shared and used in social settings, such as events, connect and communicate with others
- The emotional role of food is about how food is linked to feelings and memories, helping people cope with emotions or reminding them of certain people or moments in their lives.
22
Q
What is individual identity?
A
- The concept people develop about themselves; their interests and beliefs influence it.
- It is the things about people that make them unique.
- It is often referred to as self-image or self-concept.
23
Q
How does food affect/represent individual identity?
A
- The foods people consume can tell much about what they value in life. Sometimes we can begin to understand what is important to a person or ourselves by simply looking at what they eat.
- Some people identify themselves as being healthy and therefore immerse themselves in healthy eating and exercise
- Some may identify themselves as adventurous and try new and different foods
- Others may be more focused on the environment and adopt a more ethical eating approach to their eating habits
24
Q
How do teenagers shape individual identity with food?
A
- Teenagers often experience a rebellious stage and might prefer to make their own food choices to be seen as independent or to fit in with a social group.
25
How does culture affect individual identity through food?
- A person's culture, values, and beliefs often shape their food choices
- Food is one way migrants can express and maintain their cultural identity, giving them a sense of pride and purpose and contributing to their self worth
26
Emotional and social connection through food
When people share food, they develop emotional and social connections.
- Preparing and consuming foods together makes it feel like a group
- By sharing food with others, we can show our love, care and acceptance of each other
- The act of sharing food shows kindness and can make people feel important, accepted and worthwhile
- Sharing food builds trust among people; people are more likely to get along and trust each other
27
Opportunities for interaction through food
Sharing food can promote inclusion and acceptance.
- Food is often shared at events which gives people an opportunity for discussion and helps people feel more relaxed and comfortable
28
Cultural understanding and acceptance through food
People may become more accepting of other cultures due to a positive experience when sharing and celebrating with food.
- Being part of a cultural event, such as Chinese New Year, might expose people to cultures and customs they may have not experienced
29
How does a person’s diet impact mental health?
A diet rich in nutrients boost dopamine and serotonin production in the body. They are referred to as the 'happy' hormones as they regulate emotions and help people feel positive, motivated and productive.
In contrast, eating a diet that includes processed foods high in salt, sugar and fats can reduce these hormone levels, which can lead to negative impacts on mood and behaviour.
30
Which foods (nutrients) promote mental health?
- Antioxidants
- Vitamins (B12, Folate, D)
- Omega-3s
- Probiotics and prebiotics
- Carbohydrates
- Protein
31
How do antioxidants promote mental health?
- Free radicals are unstable molecules that damage cells, including brain cells, and can reduce dopamine and serotonin production, leading to mental health issues.
- Antioxidants neutralize free radicals, protecting brain cells from damage and helping maintain healthy dopamine and serotonin levels.
32
Foods containing antioxidants
- Brightly coloured fruits and vegetables (different colours for a range of antioxidants)
33
How do vitamins promote mental health?
- Vitamin B12 plays a vital role in the central nervous system (CNS), helping produce serotonin and other neurotransmitters in the brain. A deficiency of these neurotransmitters are found in people with depression and anxiety
- Folate helps in the formation of neurotransmitters like dopamine and serotonin and can help with depression, irritability and mental fatigue. Low folate = increased depression symptoms
- Vitamin D is produced by the skin during sun exposure and assists with calcium absorption, inflammation regulation, immune function and is also required to produce dopamine and serotonin
34
Foods containing these vitamins
Vitamin B12:
- Dairy products
- Eggs
- Meats
- Fortified foods
Folate:
- Greens
- Seeds
- Nuts
35
How do Omega-3s promote mental health?
- They pass through brain cell membranes, interact with mood-related molecules, improve blood flow and increase neurotransmitter production
36
Foods containing Omega-3s
- Fatty fish
- Nuts
- Seeds
37
How do pre and probiotics promote mental health?
- Prebiotics are non-digestible carbohydrates that provide energy for the good bacteria in the gut to produce energy and nutrients for the cells in the large intestine and then ferment into short-chain fatty acids.
- Short-chain fatty acids help control blood sugar levels, diabetes, disease and promote digestive health
- Probiotics are live organisms (beneficial bacteria) and send messages to the brain via the vagus nerve and can influence emotions and reactions to stress
38
Foods containing pre and probiotics
Prebiotics:
- Potato
- Garlic
- Onions
Probiotics:
- Yoghurt
- Kimchi
- Fermented foods
39
How do foods with carbohydrates promote mental health?
- Fluctuations in blood glucose levels can affect mood
- High sugar = tiredness and poor focus
- Low sugar = anxiety and irritability
- Low GI foods digest slowly and release glucose steadily which helps stabilize mood and reduce anxiety
40
Foods containing carbohydrates (low GI)
- Basmati rice
- Legumes
- Sweet potatoes
- Wholegrain cereals
41
How does protein promote mental health?
- Protein-rich foods contain amino acids that help treat mental health conditions such as depression
- Tryptophan, when eaten on an empty stomach, is converted to serotonin, promoting relaxation and better sleep
- Other amino acids help produce dopamine and neurotransmitters
42
Foods containing protein
- Dairy
- Eggs
- Meat
- Poultry
43
Which foods (nutrients) inhibit mental health?
- Foods high in fat, salt and sugar
44
How do foods high in fat, salt and sugar inhibit mental health?
- These nutrients affect the reward part of the brain, which releases dopamine and serotonin
- This gives an instant feeling of gratification and positivity
- People with low dopamine/serotonin levels are more likely to crave these foods.
- They may overeat to keep experiencing this “high”, which leads to a cycle of cravings.
- Over time, the body needs more of these foods to feel the same effect.
- People often feel guilty and disappointed with themselves afterwards. This disappointment may also contribute to feeling depressed
45
Why is a nutritious diet beneficial for mental health?
- It can help people feel positive, motivated and productive
- It supports better mood regulation, improved concentration and emotional stability
46
Why is a diet high in discretionary foods bad for mental health?
- Processed foods high in salt, sugar and fat can lead to low mood, anxiety, tiredness and irritability
- The cycle of craving and guilt from these foods may worsen depression.
47
Why should children have nutritious diets?
- Supports their growth
- Helps fight infections and diseases
- Gives them energy for physical activity
48
What may children who have poor nutrition experience?
- Heart disease, obesity, diabetes, cancers
- Over or under weight
- Constipation
- Poor growth and development
49
Why do parents often succumb to their children's demands for food?
- Although parents know they should feed their children nutritious foods, it is difficult if they refuse to eat, eat very little or complain about meals
- Parents then feed them discretionary foods because they know they will eat them and it will provide some nourishment and the food does not go to waste either (saving money)
50
What are the three key behavioural principles?
Exposure, repetition and modelling
51
What are the key behavioural principles used for?
- They are used to establish healthy meal patterns in families
- They should be applied:
○ Without pressure to eat
○ Without bribing or promising rewards
○ In a relaxed environment (no screens, toys or distractions)
52
Practical activities to support healthy eating
Grocery shopping:
- Allows children to see, touch and smell foods without feeling pressured to taste them
- Instead of saying 'good' or 'bad' foods, explain 'sometimes' and 'everyday' foods
Meal planning, preparation and consumption:
- Children may be more likely to eat meals when they are involved in planning them
- Participating in preparation may further expose children to healthy cooking methods and foods
- Cooking at home allows for repetition which increases their chance of liking it
- Consuming meals together enables families to feel connected and a sense of togetherness and allows children to see parents as role models
53
Body image
Describes the people's mental representation of their bodies
54
Emotional response
A short-term response to how a person feels about food
e.g:
- Disgusted
- Saddened
- Excited
55
Psychological response
A type of response that results in a change in a person's behaviour or how they think that lasts a long time
e.g:
- Sense of belonging
- Help relieve stress
56
Restrictive diets
- Often used for weight loss or body image goals
- Often require followers to remove one or more food groups from their diets, eat at certain times of the day, or take meal replacement supplements
- Initial weight loss may occur but the body's metabolism slows down and ghrelin production increases, making it harder to maintain the diet
- If they cheat or give up the diet, people may feel like failures which can contribute to low self-esteem and poor body image
- Returning to original eating habits or over-indulging can lead to weight gain
57
What is exposure?
Exposure refers to introducing or enabling children to experience a wide range of foods, preferably nutritious foods
58
How can exposure be used to establish healthy diets and nutritious meal patterns in the home?
- Increasing exposure to foods may help to improve willingness to try new foods
- Children often need to be exposed to a food 10-20 times before they accept it so adults must consistently expose children to new and healthy foods
59
What is repetition?
Repetition is about giving children as many experiences with the same food as possible, hoping they will accept the food as part of a healthy diet
60
How can repetition be used to establish healthy diets and nutritious meal patterns in the home?
- Children should be given multiple opportunities to become familiar with a particular food without feeling pressured to try it
- Repeatedly giving children the same food helps them become familiar with it and accept it as part of a regular, healthy diet
- The same food can also be given to children using various cooking and presentation methods
61
What is modelling?
Modelling occurs when a person observes another person's behaviour and copies it
62
How can modelling be used to establish healthy diets and nutritious meal patterns in the home?
- Children learn how to behave by observing and imitating other people
- Significant people such as parents, grandparents, older siblings, and teachers are role models for children
- When these people consume particular foods, they endorse them and encourage young children to eat them
63
What effect does it have if food information in the media is accurate and reliable?
It encourages people to develop positive beliefs and values around food, which helps them make healthy food choices, have a good relationship with food, and establish healthy food behaviours.
64
What effect does it have if food information in the media is biased, misleading, inaccurate and untrustworth?
The misinformation presented in the media can result in people developing emotional and psychological responses to food that cause negative personal behaviours.
65
How does media influence food information?
- Social media allows for quick spreading of food information, such as nutrition advice and food safety tips
- Anyone can share information regardless of qualification or expertise, leading to the spread of misinformation
66
How does media influence food values?
- Social media can influence food values by promoting certain food trends, diets or lifestyles
- Social media can also create a culture of food shaming where individuals are criticized for their food choices
67
How does media influence food choices?
- Social media can influence food choices by exposing individuals to new foods, recipes and cuisines and creating an atmosphere of FOMO where individual feel pressured to try certain foods or follow diets to fit in with their peers
68
Why is is hard for the government to regulate information on social media?
- Social media platforms have global reach, making it hard for governments to regulate information from overseas
- Social media platforms are constantly evolving and governments may struggle to keep up with new trends
- Governments need to balance regulating misinformation and free speech
- Requires significant resources such as trained personnel and funding
69
How can the media have a positive impact on body image?
- People with a healthy body image accept how they look and feel good about their bodies
- Some companies promote natural, diverse and healthy bodies
- Exposure to positive messages about body image can improve people's mood and help them feel better about their bodies
- Advertisements using images of everyday people can help individuals accept their body shapes
- This can lead to a more positive relationship with food
70
How can the media have a negative impact on body image?
- People with a poor body image often compare their appearance with others and feel self-conscious
- Media influences people's body image by portraying digitally altered images of ideal bodies
- This can lead to people feeling dissatisfied with their bodies and engaging in unhealthy lifestyle behaviours to achieve the "perfect" body
71
How does the media affect restrictive dieting?
- Media companies use various channels, including social media to promote weight loss products and services, often using distorted reality
- These campaigns contribute to the belief that society values thinness and attractiveness which can negatively impact self-esteem and body image
- The media could provide more helpful and realistic information about dieting and food intake
72
Comfort eating
- A term used to describe when people eat to experience consolation or feel good
- Comfort foods often have sentimental appeal and remind people of certain people, events or times in their lives
- Some people turn to comfort eating in difficult situations to cope with negative emotions
- Excessive comfort eating can harm a person's so it is important to find healthy wats to cope with long-term challenging emotions
- The media often creates advertisements that connect with people's emotions and memories to influence them to buy certain foods
73
Cycle of body image, restrictive dieting and comfort eating
1. The person sees an advertisement in the media which impacts how they feel about their body image. They decide they want to lose weight to look like the person in the media. They start a restrictive diet
2. The person loses weight and receives compliments that makes them feel good and enhances their body image (emotional and psychological response)
3. Ghrelin production increases and they feel hungry and feel irritable (emotional response)
4. The person's basal metabolic rate slows and they stop losing weight, making them feel sad (emotional response)
5. The person seeks comfort food to make them feel better and may break the restrictive diet and gain weight
74
Mindless eating
Occurs when people eat while distracted and are not aware of the amount of the amount of food they are eating
75
What is a food system?
Includes all the processes that turn a potentially edible item into food for human populations
1. Primary production
2. Processing and packaging
3. Distribution and access
4. Media and marketing
5. Consumption
6. Waste management of food
76
Primary production
- Refers to food production where crops are grown and harvested and animals are raised
- During this stage, raw materials are converted into basic food commodities
77
Processing and packaging
- This involves changing the state of foods produced during primary production into other products
78
Distribution and access
- Distribution involves the transportation, storage and sales of food
- Includes transportation of food between factories, farms, distribution centers and grocery stores
- Access refers to how and where we get our food from e.g cafes, convenience stores, restaurants, supermarkets
79
Media and marketing
- Occurs when someone promotes the sale of food products or food services
- Includes billboards, magazines, newspapers, radio, social media and television
80
Consumption
- Refers to the act of eating food
- Fruit and vegetable intake is considerably low
- Discretionary food intake is high
81
Waste management
- Involves reducing the amount of wastage produced during production, distribution and consumption
- When food and packaging are lost or wasted all the resources used to produce the food, water, land, energy and labour go to waste
82
Personal behaviour
Refers to the behaviour we exhibit in response to various situations and our actions as individuals
83
Social behaviour
- Similar to personal behaviours but include interactions with other people
- Behaviours or choices that involve or impact others are considered social behaviours
84
How does advertising food encourage overconsumption?
Food that is advertised encourages overconsumption:
- Buffets
- Family meal deals
- Upsize offers
Consumers often seek out the bigger portion sizes because they feel they are getting a good deal and saving money
85
How does where we buy our food encourage overconsumption?
- The increased availability of convenience stores means that people have greater access to convenience and fast foods
- Buying food from vending machines encourages snacking between meals
- Lack of planning meals may contribute to overconsumption. The increase in discretionary foods and its advertisements in supermarkets makes it more likely that consumers will purchase them
86
How does who we eat food with encourage overconsumption?
Individuals who live alone may:
- Buy convenience meals because less time is required to prepare and clean up compared to cooking from scratch
- Buy processed foods rather than buying nutritious/higher quality foods as they are cheaper
- Have limited motivation to prepare meals as only they are consuming them
Individuals may eat more in a group because they are:
- Copying the eating behaviours of those around them
- Eating larger quantities of food, which may have been normalised by other diners
87
How does where we eat our food encourage overconsumption?
- People often eat while distracted by something, such as shows, movies, games
- Eating food while doing activities like this results in people eating food and not considering the quality or quantity of the food they are consuming and may overeat
88
How does the way people get their food encourage sedentary behaviour?
- If people shop for groceries online, such as picking them up in the parking lot or getting it delivered, they use very little energy
- Meal kits with pre-portioned ingredients are often delivered to people's homes and while individuals use some energy when cooking these meals, it is much less compared to if they went to shop themselves
- Drive-through and fast-food delivery services encourage people to stay in their cars or homes
89
What are policies?
- The Food Ministers set policies
- Policies are guidelines or recommendations
- They are not mandatory
- Ministers recognise a need or problem within their population and create policies that encourage actions and behaviours to address this need or problem
90
What are regulations?
- Food Standard Australia New Zealand set food regulations
- These regulations are often shaped by policies but take the form of laws which people are expected to abide
- The government of the state or territory are responsible to enforce the regulations
- They are mandatory
- The policies and regulations set substantially influence the food choices available to people
91
What is food sovereignty?
- Many people are now seeking a food system that allows them to make informed choices about what they consume
- They want to choose what they eat, where their food comes from and how it is grown
- This concept is referred to as food sovereignty
92
What does a food system that focuses on food sovereignty ensure?
A food system that focuses on food sovereignty ensures that the health of all people and the environment is considered a priority in each stage of the food system, from the farm to the consumer and even the disposal of food. A food system that promotes food sovereignty gives farmers greater control of the decisions that impact their ability to produce ethical and sustainable food.
93
What is consumer activism?
A process whereby people shape other people's attitudes, behaviour, beliefs and values
94
What impact did the Healthy Food Partnership have on food choices?
- The policy was developed to reduce the amount of salt, saturated fats and sugar in manufacturers' products
- There is some concern that this policy makes it harder for consumers to make healthier choices because the targets are not mandatory, other additives may be used to replace the ingredients, other nutrients such as iodine may decrease along with sodium and the products may lose their sensory appeal
95
What impact did the Healthy Food Partnership have on food sovereignty?
- The HFP seems to have promoted food sovereignty because they had input from individuals, food manufacturers, organisations, and public health sectors
- However, some may say that involving the manufacturing industry resulted in a conflict of interest. Some manufacturers were opposed to the targets because of the increased costs involved in modifying food products to meet the targets and felt that changing the nutritional content of foods may result in consumers no longer buying their products
96
What impact did the Health Star rating system have on food choices?
Provides some information about nutritional value of food, however:
- The rating only calculates the dietary value of a food based on seven nutrients. When calculating the overall rating, packaged foods lose points if they contain energy, saturated fat, sugar, and salt. They gain points for their fruit, vegetable, fibre, and protein content. This may mean that a product containing a significant amount of saturated fat and sugar may receive a high rating if it also contains high amounts of vegetables, protein, and fibre
- The Health Star is not mandatory; consumers may select products with Health Star Ratings, believing they are the healthiest option. However, some products without the Health Star Rating could be just as or more nutritious than those with a Health Star Rating.
- People must be educated to understand the Health Star Rating system and that only similar products can be compared. There is a possibility that people who do not understand the system may compare flavoured milk with natural yoghurt and choose to consume the flavoured milk because it has a higher rating, failing to realise that yoghurt is likely the best choice overall
97
What impact did the Health Star rating system have on food sovereignty?
- To successfully achieve food sovereignty, people must have access to nutritious foods and the information they need to make educated and informed decisions about the food they choose. The Health Star Rating could be confusing for many Australians who lack the education to understand its concept. This may result in people consuming food they think is healthy when it is not.
- There is concern that the food manufacturing industry had too much influence in developing the Health Star Rating system as they wanted to keep it voluntary rather than mandatory out of fear that they would lose sales and profits
