SAC 2 - promoting health and wellbeing Flashcards
(90 cards)
1
Q
communicable diseases
- cause
- contagious?
- examples
A
Cause- Infectious agents i.e. bacteria, viruses, parasites or fungi or their toxic products
Contagious?- Yes- can be passed from one person or animal to another
Transmission can occur:
-directly e.g. contact with bodily discharge
-indirectly e.g. sharing drink bottle
-by means of vectors e.g. mosquitos
Examples:
-malaria
-influenza
-chickenpox
-coronavirus
2
Q
non-communicable diseases
- cause
- contagious?
- examples
A
cause: A combination of genetic, physiological, environmental and behaviors factors
contagious? -No
examples:
-CVD i.e. heart attack and stroke
-cancer
-chronic respiratory diseases i.e. COPD and asthma
-diabetes
3
Q
what is the biomedical model?
A
focuses on the physical or biological aspects of disease and illness. It is a medical model of care practiced by doctors and health professionals and is associated with the diagnosis, treatment and cure of disease.
4
Q
how does the biomedical model work?
A
treats individuals once symptoms are present (reactive); relies on doctors/ hospitals/ pharmaceuticals and medical technology to diagnose, treat and cure illness; focuses on biological aspects of health; is expensive to run
5
Q
advantages of the biomedical model
A
- Creates advancements in medical technology and research e.g. antibiotics, x-ray THEREFORE better diagnosis and more effective treatment increasing health status
- Enables treatment of many conditions which could otherwise cause death THEREFORE increased life expectancy
- Individualised approach THEREFORE treatment is tailored to individual cases which increase effectiveness e.g. improved quality of life
6
Q
disadvantages of the biomedical model
A
- Costly THEREFORE not everyone can afford access to healthcare e.g. low SES
- Relies on trained healthcare professionals THEREFORE accessibility limited if demand is high e.g. waiting lists for surgery
- Not every condition can be treated/cured THEREFORE health status impact is limited
- Doesn’t always promote good health and wellbeing (‘Band-Aid fix’) doesn’t address the cause of illness THEREFORE limited impact on incidence
7
Q
what is old public health?
A
Actions that focused mainly on changes to the physical environment to prevent infectious diseases
8
Q
why does old public health exist?
A
To address high infectious disease rates at the time
9
Q
how does the old public health model work?
A
Through policies and practices to improved poor living conditions;
- Policies = quarantine laws; food quality and legislation; housing regulations; workplace regulations
- Practices = provision of clean water; improved sanitation; mass vaccination programs
10
Q
what is new public health (social models of health)?
A
focuses on the broader factors that influence health and wellbeing; the sociocultural and environmental factors that have significant impact on health status to prevent lifestyle diseases.
11
Q
why was the social models of health developed?
A
developed in response increases prevalence of lifestyle diseases e.g. CVD, cancer that have clear behavioural risk factors therefore health promotion strategies i.e. education needed
12
Q
how does new public health work?
A
Health promotion strategies focused on education e.g. pamphlets, posters; however knowledge alone is not enough and approach must be multifaceted i.e. physical, sociocultural and political environmental need to be targeted as well i.e. policies such as tax on cigarettes; community development/ population wide based approach
13
Q
what is the social model of health?
A
A conceptual framework within which improvements in health and wellbeing are achieved by directing effort towards addressing the social, economic and environmental determinants of health. The model is based on the understanding that in order for health gains to occur, social, economic and environmental determinants must be addressed
14
Q
advantages of the social model of health
A
- Promotes good health and wellbeing and assists in prevention of disease THEREFORE decreased preventable disease rates, improving health status
- Shared responsibility; more than just the health sector THEREFORE increased effectiveness of health promotion campaigns to improve health status
- Relatively inexpensive compared to the biomedical approach THEREFORE more accessible to all SES groups
- Focuses on vulnerable population groups THEREFORE increased access to good health and wellbeing for disadvantaged groups
- Education can be passed on from generation to generation THEREFORE able to achieve sustainable improvements in health status
15
Q
disadvantages of the social model of health
A
- Not every condition can be prevented THEREFORE limited impact on health status
- Does not promote development of technology and medical knowledge THEREFORE not contributing to discovery or development of additional treatment option and limiting impact on decreased prevalence or incidence
- Health promotion messages may be ignore THEREFORE health and wellbeing may not improve as it relied on public cooperation to change health outcomes
- Does not address individual health concerns THEREFORE limited improvement on health status for those already suffering diseases.
16
Q
identify the principles of the social model of health
A
Involves intersectoral collaboration Addresses the broader determinants of health Empowers individuals and communities Acts to enable access to health care Acts to reduce social inequities
17
Q
what does involves intersectoral collaboration mean (include examples)?
A
Coordinated action between different government departments and the private sector as determinants cannot be addressed by health sector alone.
e. g. Road safety:
- Education re: alcohol/drugs
- Police: enforce laws
- VicRoads: maintain road quality
18
Q
what does addresses the broader determinants of health mean (include examples)?
A
Addressing the sociocultural, economic and environmental factors that impact on the body and human behaviour in order for health outcomes to improve e.g. gender, culture, race etc
e.g. Sun smart campaign- free education (sociocultural) e.g. billboards accessible by all SES groups about dangers of sun exposure causing skin cancer
19
Q
what does empowers individuals and communities mean (include examples)?
A
Involve individuals and communities in decision making, educate them with the skills and knowledge to make healthy decisions
e.g. Food pyramid poster- empower people to make informed decisions about their diet
20
Q
what does acts to enable access to health care mean (include examples)?
A
For health care to be accessible it should be affordable and available according to people’s need.
e. g. -bulkbilling (affordable)
- PBS subsidises medication (financial barriers)
21
Q
what does acts to reduce social inequalities mean (include examples)?
A
Removing or reducing barriers of gender, culture, race, SES, unemployment, housing, location to achieve equity in the health care system i.e. removing disadvantage
e.g. Mobile breast screening reduces social inequities by ensuring people wo live in rural and remote areas are not disadvantaged
22
Q
define health promotion
A
process of enabling people to increase control over and to improve, their own health
23
Q
what is the ottowa charter ?
A
an approach to health developed by the WHO that aims to reduce inequities in health. It reflects the Social Model of Health and provides five action areas that can be used as a basis for improving health status, all of which are centred on three strategies for health promotion which are enabling, mediating and advocacy
24
Q
identify the strategies of the OC
A
- MEDIATE
- ADVOACTE
- ENABLE
25
strategies of the OC - mediate
Improvements in health cannot be met by one sector alone – health promotion requires coordinated action; different sectors working together
26
strategies of the OC - advocate
Advocate strongly for health because it acts as a major resource for individuals, countries and the world. Outline the importance of good health. Actions seek to gain support to positively influence health
27
strategies of the OC - enable
Focuses on achieving equity in health. Aims to ensure the availability of equal opportunities and resource to enable all to achieve their full health potential. Empower people to control the factors that determine their health
28
identify the action areas of the OC
```
BUILDING HEALTHY PUBLIC POLICY
CREATE SUPPORTIVE ENVIRONMENTS
STRENGTHEN COMMUNITY ACTION
DEVELOP PERSONAL SKILLS
REORIENT HEALTH SERVICES
```
29
action areas of the OC- building healthy public policy
Relates to decisions made by governments and organisations in relation to health care policy. Includes changes in policy to help make healthier choices easier choices
30
action areas of the OC- create supportive environments
A supportive environment is safe, stimulating and satisfying; it provides opportunities for individuals to build links in a socially and culturally sensitive manner that promotes health and wellbeing.
31
action areas of the OC- strengthen community action
Focuses on building links between individuals and the community and communities working together to achieve a common goal
32
action areas of the OC- develop personal skills
Educate people with the skills and knowledge they need to take control over and improve their own health
33
action areas of the OC- re-reorient health services
Shifting the focus from a biomedical approach that emphasises the diagnosing and treatment of illness and disease to one of health promotion and prevention
34
why is smoking targeted for health promotion?
- Preventable risk factor –smoking related diseases and impacts are considered avoidable
- Contributes to mortality and morbidity more than any other preventable risk factors
- Has high costs both socially (including health) and economically (e.g. reduced work productivity form smoking related illness) for the nation
- Affects vulnerable population groups disproportionately
35
MY QUIT BUDDY: objective
to help people quit smoking and stay smoke free
36
MY QUIT BUDDY: rationale
because smoking is a high contributor to morbidity and mortality; smoking has high economic and social costs; smoking impacts on vulnerable population groups disproportionately
37
MY QUIT BUDDY: target audience
smokers of all ages with a smart phone
38
MY QUIT BUDDY: implemtation
free smart phone app that helps smokers prepare to quit and supports them in their quitting journey
39
MY QUIT BUDDY: how (app features)
- tracking systems to chart progress to keep participants motivated and stay smoke free
- provides supportive social environment e.g. community board, to keep them on track
- provides strategies to help participants overcome cravings to help them remain smoke free
- shows improved health outcomes to different parts of the body to educate users
- it is customisable to help users specifically
40
Why targets indigenous health and wellbeing?
as differences exist between the health status of Indigenous and non-indigenous Australians; current inequality in the health of Indigenous vs non-Indigenous Australians e.g. lower life expectancy, higher IMR, poorer self-assessed health status.
41
BABY ONE PROGRAM
- describe
- incentives
- The baby one program aims to close the gap with regards to the health of Indigenous babies and toddlers in the early years of life to support improved health outcomes as they grow older.
- It targets Indigenous pregnant women in remote Cape York by providing them with at home visits by Indigenous health care workers throughout pregnancy until to the baby is 1000 days old.
- There are incentives for being involved in antenatal appointments at key stages of pregnancy to support health such as baby baskets with items to support the mother and baby as well as vegetable vouchers.
- Health workers share timely health promotion messages to educate families on the importance of immunisations, the risk of smoking during pregnancy and around children, and breastfeeding and the introduction of solids.
42
how to evaluate the capacity of a program
- C= criteria (identifying a ‘key feature of effective programs evident in program)
- E= examples/e.g. from the program (“” can be useful)
- T= therefore….
- O= outcome (why that key feature increases the effectiveness of the program?)
- D= dimension (IF ASKED to link to health and wellbeing)
criteria's= culturally appropriate/ accessible/ sustainable/ funded/ target audience/ results of success/ reflects OC action areas
43
what is Medicare?
Australia’s universal health-insurance scheme that subsidises health care
44
what are the objectives of medicare?
- Affordable- to make healthcare affordable for all Australians
- Access- to give access to all Australians with priority according to clinical need
- High quality- to provide high quality care by only covering registered clinicians and evidence based treatment
45
what is covered by medicare?
subsides GP; subsides specialists consultations; treatment and accommodation in public hospital; tests needed to treat illness; eye tests; psychologist or psychologists treatment (up to 10 sessions as part of mental health management plan
46
what isnt covered by medicare?
Allied health services; dental (except CDBS); hearing aids and glass; cosmetic surgery; ambulance services; most alternative therapies
47
how is medicare funded?
1. Medicare levy – most Australian income earners pay 2% of taxable income (low income earners may be exempt) - covers approx. 60% of Medicare costs
2. Medicare levy surcharge – high income earners without PHI pay an additional 1-1.5% (means tested)
3. General taxation revenue- as allocated in budget
48
advanatges of medicare
- Choice of doctor for out of hospital services THEREFORE increased mental H&WB because decreased stress as choice/familiar with doctor
- Available to all Australian citizens THEREFORE increased national health outcomes
- Reciprocal agreements THEREFORE decreased stress when travelling = maintain health
- Covers essential services THEREFORE decreased financial barriers proactive re health
- Medicare safety net THEREFORE equitable
49
disadvantages of medicare
- No choice of doctor for in-hospital treatments THEREFORE may cause stress
- Waiting lists for many treatments THEREFORE decreased quality of life
- Does not cover allied service THEREFORE decreased quality of life- pan from injury
- Often does not cover full amount of doctors’ visits THEREFORE low SES may be less proactive decreasing health outcomes
50
how does medicare reflect sustainability?
- Only the basics are covered THEREFORE saving vital funds ensuring that health care needs can be met both now and in future (+ regulation – which procedure are available)
- Adequate funding from the govt. THEREFORE likely to run long term
51
how does medicare reflect access?
- Universal healthcare scheme THEREFORE providing accessible and affordable basic health care for all (+ video link services)
- Allows for earlier diagnosis; earlier treatment; and prevention of illness
52
how does medicare relfect equity?
- Medicare funding – Medicare levy surcharge is means tested those who earn more pay more THEREFORE removing disadvantage for low income earners yet still allowing them to access healthcare = closing the gap
- Medicare Safety Net- provides subsidised healthcare for those who need it most THEREFORE closing the gap for those with chronic health issues and high medical costs (increase to 100% coverage)
- Child Dental Benefits Schedule- provides subsidised dental services for low income families THEREFORE closing gap for those on govt benefits who would most likely not be able to access dental services for children
53
what is the PBS?
Federal government scheme which provides access to essential, prescription medicines at a subsidised cost. Gives all Australians residents and eligible overseas visitors access to prescription medicine in a way that is affordable, reliable and timely
54
how is the PBS funded?
government funded through taxes; co-payment= amount you pay towards cost of PBS listed medicine
55
advantages of the PBS
- Available to all THEREFORE accessible by all = increased health outcomes nationally
- Covers essential prescription medications THEREFORE reducing financial barriers
- PBS safety net provides extra financial contributions THEREFORE creates equitable healthcare system that acknowledges those with high medical costs
56
disadvantages of the PBS
- Does not cover all prescription medications THEREFORE individual may experience may experience lower quality of life
- Often does not cover full amount THEREFORE low SES individuals may not seek treatment due to financial barriers = negative health outcomes
57
how does the PBS reflect sustainability?
- Only subsides essential medications approved by PBAS which is strictly regulated THEREFORE not wasting funds on ineffective medications = resources available for current and future generations
- Increases access to medications = efficient treatment of diseases so less people spending extended periods of time in poor health THEREFORE decreasing burden on health care system allowing services to be provided for both current and future generations.
58
how does the PBS reflect access?
- Provides essential PBS listed medicines at a subsidised cost so that all Australians can access life-saving treatment regardless of their ability to pay
+
Provides timely access to medications as lowers cost THEREFORE acts to increase health status and health and wellbeing
59
how does the PBS reflect equity?
- PBS safety net- provides further subsidy on essential PBS listed prescription medications for those who reach the threshold THEREFORE reducing disadvantage for those with chronic health issues and high medication costs.
60
what is private health insurance?
a form of insurance in addition to Medicare for which a member pays a premium to the insurance company in return for financial contributions for medical services not covered by Medicare
61
why does PHI exist?
- Individual = peace of mind; choice; reduced waiting times
| - National = decreased burden on public health system = supporting all Australians especially ageing Australians
62
what does PHI cover?
- Each policy is different and covers different services
- Also covers services in different levels
- E.g. physio; dental; optical – frames; natural therapies
63
how is PHI funded?
- paid by individual; user pays a premium to join a scheme (those with PHI still have access to Medicare covered services)
64
what are the incentives of PHI?
1. Private health insurance rebate- individuals and families paying for PHI are eligible for up to 30% rebate on insurance premiums (means tested); paid by the Federal Government
2. Lifetime health cover- designed to encourage people to take out PHI earlier in life and maintain their cover; anyone who takes out PHI before 30 will pay lower premiums throughout lives than those who join after; after 30 individuals are charges an additional 2% for each year that they are over 30 for 10 continuous years
3. Medicare levy surcharge- an additional 1-1.5% is charged to higher income earners who do not have PHI.
65
advantages of PHI
- Choice of doctor while a private patient in a public or private hospital THEREFORE reducing stress
- Shorter waiting times THEREFORE increased health outcomes
- Services such as dental, physio etc. could be paid for THEREFORE encouraging maintenance of health
- Keeps costs of running MEDIACRE under control as PHI lowers burden on public system THEREFORE increasing health outcomes
- Incentive program THEREFORE addressing some financial pressures in deciding to take out PHI
66
disadvantages of PHI
- Costly THEREFORE not affordable for everyone
- Sometimes have gap to be paid by individual THEREFORE may cause financial stress
- Qualifying periods THEREFORE may not be covered when you need it
- Policies can be complex to understand and create confusion THEREFORE people may not take out the policy to best suit them = waste money
67
how does PHI reflect access?
- Acts to reduce burden in public system THEREFORE reduces wait times in public hospitals so all Australians can access treatment sooner
- Provides subsidised access to wider range of services
- Promotes social access to hospitals as people can select/choose own doctor as private patient
68
how does PHI reflect equity?
- PHI rebate provides greater refund for lower income earners with PHI so assists affordability of PHI making it more equitable by acting to decrease disadvantage between SES groups
69
how does PHI reflect sustainability?
- Meets health care needs of current generation placing less burden on public system THEREFORE allowing public healthcare to be available for future generations
+
Incentive system encourages people to take out PHI, THEREFORE reducing demands on public healthcare system = both generation needs met
70
what is the NDIS?
A national insurance scheme that provides services and support for people with permanent, significant disabilities, and their families and carers / lifetime approach/ early intervention/ individualised plan
71
what is the criteria of the NDIS?
Must meet one of the four criteria:
1. Impairment of condition is likely to be permanent
2. Impairment substantially reduces ability to participate effectively in activities or perform tasks without assistance from other people/ assistive technology
3. Impairment affects capacity for social and economic participation
4. Likely to require support under the NDIS for your lifetime
72
advantages of the NDIS
- Creates individualised plans THEREFORE meets specific needed of the patient, doesn’t waste resources = sustainability
- Provides lifetime support THEREFORE peace of mind for participants because will have constant support
- Prioritises early intervention THEREFORE reducing burden on public health system as those on NDIS are in better health that without the NDIS
73
disadvantages of the NDIS
- Can be complex to understand and apply for NDIS benefits THEREFORE some people may be eligible but unable or unaware they can apply for benefits
74
what does the NDIS fund?
- assistive technology e.g. wheelchair/walking stick/ communication devices
- modifications e.g. ramps/ workplaces i.e. modified bench heights
- treatment e.g. specialists/ allied health
- vocational education e.g. education and skills = employment opportunities
75
how does the NDIS help individuals?
1. Access to mainstream services and supports: e.g. education and health care
2. Access to community services and supports: e.g. libraries and sport clubs
3. Maintain informal supports: e.g. Family/friends
4. Provide reasonable and necessary funding: e.g. assistive technology/pay carers
76
how does the NDIS reflect access?
- Provides any eligible individual funding to access; services such as specialists and allied health treatment/ assistive technology THEREFORE accessible regardless of factors such as SES
77
how does the NDIS reflect equity?
- Targets those with permanent disability THEREFORE closing the gap between hose with and without disability
- Uses individualised plans THEEFORE meeting NDIS participants specific needs = removing further disadvantages
78
how does the NDIS reflect sustainability?
- Strict criteria and individualised plans THEREFORE resources not waster = run long term
- Early intervention THEREFORE lowering reliance on public system + decreased burden = meet needs of current and future generations
- Lifetime service to maintain their health which can lower NDIS participants reliance on public health system THEREFORE health system more likely to be able to run effectively long term
79
what are the Australian dietary guidelines?
developed by Australian Government / comprises of 5 broad guidelines to promote good nutrition and health / offered in form of poster; brochure; document/ intended to be used by health professionals, educators and industry bodies
80
define guideline 1
To achieve and maintain a healthy weight, to be physically active and choose amounts of food and drink to meet your energy needs
81
define guideline 2
Enjoy a wide variety of nutritious foods from these five food groups every day (vegetables, fruits, cereals, meats/fish/eggs, dairy). Drink plenty of water
82
define guideline 3
Limit intake of foods containing saturated fats, added salts, and added sugar. Limit intake of alcohol
83
define guideline 4
Encourage, support and promote breast feeding
84
define guideline 5
Care for food; prepare and store it safely
85
what is the Australian guide to healthy eating?
food selection tool based on the ADGs; intended to be used by consumers to assist in planning, selecting and consuming proportions; visual tool
86
who is nutrition australia?
- Australia’s primary nutrition body; it aims to provide scientifically nutritious information to encourage all Australians to achieve optimal health; community education body for nutrition
- Funding = non-government, not for profit, community based organisations
- Objectives= act as a source of scientific information on nutrition issues; produce and distribute nutrition information to policy makers, media, educators, food industry and consumers; to act as consultants to government departments, food industry and consumer goods; to encourage innovation in the distribution of information
87
what is the healthy eating pyramid?
imitative of Nutrition Australia; based on the ADGs; visual guide = pyramid with 4 different layers which represent the food groups and proportions they should be consumed
88
what is national nutrition week?
held in October; provides resources such as nutrition information and recipes to community groups including schools, workplaces, health centres on how to promote healthy eating during this week; utilises social media to spread messages
89
what is the health eating advisory service?
funded by the Victorian Government and delivered by Nutrition Australia; works to promote consumption of healthy food in drinks in early childhood services; schools; workplaces etc.; services include hotline; staff training; advice
90
what are the barriers to dietary change?
```
SES
Education
Culture
Preferences / willpower
Attitudes/beliefs
Age
Stress
Food availability
Time constraints/convenience
Marketing/media
```
