Sac 3 - Factors contributing to health status

Question 1

Low income characteristics

Answer 1

• A lack of social support (welfare)
• Low levels of education attainment
• High population growth
• Poor access to improved sanitation
• Lower agricultural productivity
• Lower levels of food security
• Poor access to healthcare
• Less infrastructure

Question 2

High income characteristics

Answer 2

• Availability of social support services (social welfare)
• Higher levels of education entertainment
• Lower population growth
• Access to improved sanitation
• Higher agricultural productivity
• Improved food security
• Access to healthcare
• Improved infrastructure

Question 3

World bank

Answer 3

Aninternational financial institutionthat provides loans tocountriesof the world for capital projects.

Question 4

Low income countries

Answer 4

Ethiopia, Afghanistan

Question 5

High income countries

Answer 5

Australia, Canada, United Kingdom

Question 6

Upper middle income countries

Answer 6

China, Brazil, Turkey

Question 7

Lower middle income countries

Answer 7

Bangladesh, Indonesia, Cambodia

Question 8

Economic characteristics

Answer 8

• Level of debt
• Income
• Trade opportunities
• Poverty
• Welfare support
• Industry

Question 9

Environmental characteristics

Answer 9

• Infrastructure
• Access to clean water
• Access to improved sanitation
• Access to food
• Agricultural productivity
• Energy use
• Resource use
• Emissions

Question 10

Social characteristics

Answer 10

• Social support
• Employment
• Birth rates
• Education levels
• Healthcare system
• Access to technology
• Legal and political systems
• Living standards
• Social justice

Question 11

Gross national income (GNI)

Answer 11

The total income generated by a country in a 12 month period, divided by its population.

Question 12

Contributing factors to health status (PIGSSM)

Answer 12

• Poverty
• Inequality/ discrimination
• Global distribution
• Safe water
• Sanitation
• Marketing of tobacco, alcohol and processed foods

Question 13

Inequality & Discrimination (PEMSS)

Answer 13

Physical:

• Increase risk of disease, self harm and suicide
• Physical violence from others
• Lack of sleep resulting in low energy levels
• Increase risk of illness
• Potential decreased access to healthcare
• Increasing morbidity and mortality

Mental:

• Increased stress and distress levels
• Feelings of inadequacy
• Reduced access to education impacting development of thought process and thinking

Social:

• Isolation and exclusion, bullying
• Social stigma and discrimination
• Increased chance of unemployment
• Difficulty forming meaningful and satisfying relationships

Emotional:

• People in communities may feel excluded and experience negative stress
• Feelings of hopelessness and fear due to violence experienced
• Increased anxiety

Spiritual:

• Loss of confidence in day to day life
• Loss of spirit, hope and purpose in life
• Feelings of helplessness

Question 14

What is safe water?

Answer 14

Water that is not contaminated with diseases causing pathogens such as bacteria and viruses, or chemicals such as lead and mercury that may be a result of agriculture and industry.

Question 15

What is the issue regarding water?

Answer 15

• Cannot grow crops
• Cannot feed livestock
• Increases risk of contaminated water being used
• Risk of mortality and morbidity
• Women and children spend hours collecting water rather than working or going to school

Question 16

Impact of safe access to water on health status and burden of disease

Answer 16

• Increases in infant mortality rates from communicable diseases (cholera through dirty water in infant formula)
• Increased spread of illness (diarrhoea, cholera, malaria and hookworm)
• Lower life expectancy results from high infant mortality due to water-borne illness
• A lack of clean drinking water causes dehydration and under- nutrition

Question 17

Access to safe water (PEMSS)

Answer 17

Physical: Increases the risk of diseases such as cholera, contributing to dehydration and malnutrition. Collecting water can take several hours and is dangerous work increasing the risk of injury and physical exhaustion.

Emotional: People in communities may feel excluded or experience negative stress. Feelings of hopelessness and unfair. However, it may benefit self-esteem if in charge of water wells.

Mental: May cause stress for women who need to provide water for their family.

Spiritual: Having to collect water, and the impact of unsafe water.

Social: Reduces the amount of time and chances for women and children to participate in their community and school. This impacts their ability to make friends and develop relationships and strong communication skills in their school environment.

Question 18

What is sanitation?

Answer 18

The provision of facilities and services for the safe disposal of human urine and faeces, the maintenance of hygienic conditions and garbage disposal.

Question 19

What is the issue regarding sanitation?

Answer 19

• Spread of infectious diseases
• Reduces life expectancy, increase in infant mortality and U5 mortality
• Over urbanisation systems cannot cope
• Slums and make shift dwellings, overcrowded

Question 20

Sanitation (PEMSS)

Answer 20

Physical: Increase water borne disease risk, dehydration and malnutrition. Lack of energy therefore cannot participate in activities.

Emotional: People in communities may feel excluded and experience negative stress. Feelings of hopelessness and unfairness.

Mental: Increased stress/ anxiety levels especially for women and girls

Spiritual: They may not feel confident in their day to day life and therefore they will not feel as though they have a purpose in life.

Social: Girls may be excluded and not attend school. Public defecation may cause social anxiety for women and girls.

Question 21

Impact of access to sanitation on health status and burden of disease

Answer 21

• Increase infant mortality rates from communicable diseases
• Increase risk of spread of diseases such as diarrhoea, cholera, typhoid, malaria and hookworm
• Lowers life expectancy
• Increases U5 mortality
• All due to water borne diseases
• Contributes to dehydration and under-nutrition

Question 22

What is poverty?

Answer 22

Lack of income and resources such as food, shelter, clean water and healthcare,

Question 23

What is the issue regarding poverty?

Answer 23

The poorest people have the worst health outcomes, health status and levels of health and wellbeing.

Question 24

Impact of access to poverty on health status and burden of disease

Answer 24

• Increase in the burden of disease attributed to malnutrition and associated illness due to food security
• Lower life expectancy due to reduced access to healthcare, food and a decent standard of living
• Low rates of immunisation, increasing rates of communicable diseases

Question 25

Types of poverty

Answer 25

- Extreme poverty - Relative poverty - Poverty cycle

Question 26

Extreme poverty

Answer 26

Those living on less than a certain amount per day, generally US $1.90

Question 27

Relative poverty

Answer 27

Those living on 50% less than their countries average income

Question 28

Poverty cycle

Answer 28

Low income - Poor living conditions - Poor health and wellbeing - Lack of education - Inability to secure meaningful employment

Question 29

Poverty (PEMSS)

Answer 29

Physical: Increase in risk of disease, malnutrition and lack of energy so body cannot participate in activities such as school and work. Emotional: People in communities may feel excluded and experience negative stress. Feelings of hopelessness and fear due to violence experienced. Increased anxiety for young girls and women Mental: Increase stress/ anxiety levels especially for women. Feelings of inadequacy and effects ability to think and reason. Spiritual: They may not be confident in their day to day life therefore lose their purpose in life. Lose hope as individuals as they cannot break through cycle of poverty. Social: Poverty may cause isolation and exclusion. Social stigma and discrimination may be experienced.

Question 30

Globalisation

Answer 30

Improvements in technology has led to a decrease in the barriers of communication and trade and transport.

Question 31

Global marketing

Answer 31

The advertising and selling of goods and services around the world including middle and low income countries.

Question 32

Global distribution

Answer 32

Involves the transfer of goods and services and people.

Question 33

Double burden of disease

Answer 33

The global marketing of tobacco, alcohol and fast food is contributing to the double burden of disease in developing countries. Low and middle income countries are facing high rates of malnutrition and other conditions associated with poverty such as communicable diseases (HIV/AIDS and malaria) AS WELL as high rates of conditions associated with wealth, such as obesity, type 2 diabetes and cardiovascular disease. Obesity and malnutrition may often exist side by side in developing countries.

Question 34

Global marketing tobacco (burden of disease)

Answer 34

Tobacco is one of the highest causes of death and illness globally as a result of direct use or from second hand smoke. Burden of disease from tobacco use includes premature deaths from cancers, cardiovascular diseases, respiratory conditions, anxiety and depression.

Question 35

Tobacco (PEMSS)

Answer 35

Physical: Reduced physical fitness, and poor functioning body systems due to illness and disease. Social: Potential decrease in ability to form productive relationships especially intimate relationships if partner is a non-smoker. Mental: Lower confidence and self esteem if smoking leads to bad breath, discolouration of fingers e.t.c and perhaps increased levels of stress Emotional: A smoker may be unable to control emotions if they are forced to go long periods without a cigarette.

Question 36

Alcohol (PEMSS)

Answer 36

Physical: Reduced reaction time, and functioning of the body due to an increase in illness. Social: Alcohol abuse can lead to relationships breakdown, slowed communication and people may withdraw from their supportive network of friends. Mental: Excessive alcohol intake can increase risk of depression and mental illness as well as increase stress and anxiety levels. Alters the chemical makeup of the brain. Emotional: People may suffer uncontrolled mood swings, bursts of anger and violence.

Question 37

Processed foods (PEMSS)

Answer 37

Physical: Reduced physical fitness due to overweight, obesity, and poor functioning body systems due to illness and disease. Social: Social exclusion may occur or bullying if a person is overweight/obese. Mental: Lower confidence and self esteem due to increases in body weight. Emotional: A person may suffer low levels of resilience if they become a victim of bullying. Spiritual: A person is overweight and obese may struggle to find that sense of belonging due to social isolation.