SAC 4

Question 1

genes

Answer 1

are the basic unit of genetic material located on chromosomes carry genetic info, instructions for biological functioning and hereditary characteristics. in many cases genes produce a predisposition to what a person will be like.

Question 2

recessive + dominant

Answer 2

the recessive gene is the trait that is not shown and dominant is the physical trait that you can see.

Question 3

influence of genetic disorders

Answer 3

genetic disorders affect development and may ultimately contribute to physical or mental illness, dementia, down syndrome ect.

Question 4

interactionist approach

Answer 4

is the idea that the hereditary and environmental factors continually interact to influence developmental change

Question 5

environmental factors

Answer 5

physical surroundings, biological and social experiences and events that a person is exposed to during life

Question 6

nature/nurture interaction for schizophrenia

Answer 6

schizophrenia has been shown to be due to genetics if an identical twin is diagnosed the other will have 48% of being diagnosed. it is not entirely nature, nurture still influences (the Genain quadruplets)

Question 7

nature/nurture in intelligence

Answer 7

some genetic disorders can limit intelligence.

nurture - poor diet, long-term illness, oppurtunity for good education and having support

Question 8

nature/nurture in personality

Answer 8

there is a correlation between how we are as babies and how we are as adults. sensitive and emotional babies become nervous and withdrawn adults. restless and impulsive children tended to be outsiders.

Question 9

importance of twin and adoption studies

Answer 9

because it allows scientists to see if its nature or nurture that is influencing them. for identical twins who are reared together they have very similar experiences so why are they different. ect

Question 10

stages of lifespan development

Answer 10

infancy (0-2)
childhood (preschool)
childhood (school aged)
adolescence (12-20)
early adulthood (20-40)
middle age (40-65)
old age (65+)

Question 11

physical, emotional and social/cognitive examples of lifespan development. Milestones

Answer 11

physical development impacts in psychological functioning. body changes at puberty, menopause and old age.
emotional development is understanding of social rules and social situations and develops the ability to regulate emotions and develop sophisticated emotions
cognitive development refers to the development of our mental abilities, memories, language, problem solving

Question 12

maturation is

Answer 12

the predetermined biological sequence of behaviours which occurs at certain ages

Question 13

inborn reflexes are

Answer 13

a set of unlearned automatic responses to certain stimuli that babies are born with

Question 14

developmental norms are

Answer 14

used to indicate the average age at which individuals reach certain milestones

Question 15

critical period. example

Answer 15

a period in life when certain experiences must happen for normal development to proceed. eg if a greylag goose does not imprint within 36 hrs of birth it never will

Question 16

sensitive period. example

Answer 16

periods in time which are particularly suited to learning things due to the nature of the growing brain. eg learning to speak in the first years of life

Question 17

what are teratogens

Answer 17

are any toxic substance that can cause harm to an unborn child

Question 18

experience-dependent learning

Answer 18

learning which occurs at any time during an individuals life as a result of an experience. your brain does not expect to learn this and wont if you dont do it, e.g making a tent

Question 19

experience-expectant learning

Answer 19

occurs during sensitive periods and refers to experiences necessary for learning to occur, your brain expects to learn this. your brain is primed to learn something and is more able to because of the sensitive period, e.g learning your language in the first 2 year

Question 20

attachment

Answer 20

a strong, close and emotional bond that develops between an infant and its caregiver

Question 21

privation

Answer 21

when attachment never occurs - that is if an infant/child never forms a close relationship with anyone

Question 22

Harlows study

Answer 22

focused on the attachment of rhesus monkeys. established that feeding and nourishment do not create attachment, contact comfort is more important

Question 23

Ainsworth study

Answer 23

cultural differences impact how attached kids become. three types of kids
A - insecure avoidant attachment 20-25%
B - secure attachment 65%
C - insecure resistant attachment 10%

Question 24

Piaget’s 4 stages of development

Answer 24

sensorimotor (0-2) - object permanence
preoperational (2-7) - symbolic thinking
concrete operational (7-12) - understand reversability
formal operational (12+) - hypothetical problems