SAC 4: AOS 1 UNIT 4 - global health + human development Flashcards
(20 cards)
Classifying countries
Gross National Income (GNI) per capita
3 main groups:
High income
Middle income
Low income
Gross National Income (GNI)
The total value of goods and services a country’s citizens produce, including the value of income earned by citizens who may be working in an overseas country.
Limitations of the GNI
It classifies a whole country and doesn’t recognise variations in income within a country.
Characteristics of high, middle, low low-income counties
- economic factors
- social characteristics
- environmental characteristics
Economic characteristics (4)
- lower levels of poverty*
- wide range of industries
- opportunities for global trade
- high average incomes*
Wide range of industries
Increases probabilty that at least some of these industries will produce positive production.
HIGH - wide range (education, healthcare, manufacturing)
MIDDLE - transition period
LOW - limited range (farming)
Opportunities for global trade
HIGH - access to sources to transport goods → many trade opportunities
MIDDLE - process of building infrastructure → developing trade
LOW - lack of infrastructure, knowledge, production capabilities → prevents growth
Levels of poverty
HIGH - low levels of poverty
LOW + MIDDLE - a great proportion of the population living in extreme poverty
High Average Incomes
HIGH - high income
LOW - low income
Gross Domestic Product (GDP)
similar to GNI, but is not adjusted to take into account the income earned by foreign citizens, or the income earned by citizens working in other countries.
PPP
Purchasing Power Parity
Social characteristics
- gender equality
- birth rates and population growth
- levels of employment*
- levels of education*
- Social security systems
- health systems*
- access to technology
- legal systems
Gender equality
HIGH - males and females have opportunities in education, employment, and participation
MIDDLE - still needs work to be done
LOW - females don’t have the same opportunities as males
Birth and population rates
access to contraception, choice in family planning, education
HIGH - birth rates, slow population rates
MIDDLE + LOW - high birth rates, fast population rates
Health systems
HIGH - generally public health systems (Medicare)
MIDDLE + LOW - lack access to suitable healthcare
Education and employment levels
HIGH - high levels so people can pursue their career
LOW - no developed education system, career options limited
Social security systems
HIGH - high levels of economic development + relatively stable political systems
MIDDLE + LOW - don’t have the means to provide assistance to citizens
Access to technology
communication systems, internet, medical technologies
HIGH - accessible technology bc of education and resources
LOW - lack access to technology
Legal systems
HIGH - strong political + legal systems
LOW - lack strong legal system
Environmental Characteristics
- water and sanitation*
- food security
- adequate housing*
- adequate infrastructure*
- levels of CO2 emissions
