SAC 5 (ecosystems) Flashcards
(28 cards)
1
Q
Abiotic factors
A
- metals, gases (O2), water
2
Q
Biotic factors
A
- living or have lived (animals, trees)
3
Q
Asexual Reproduction Definition
A
- is a type of reproduction that does not require the fusion of gametes
- offspring are genetically identical to the parent
4
Q
Asexual Reproduction - Different Types
A
- binary fission
- budding (produced as bud/growth)
- vegetative propagation (part of plants being detached & developing)
- fragmentation
5
Q
Asexual Reproduction - Advantages
A
- requiring only one parent, conserving energy
- organisms can quickly reproduced under favourable conditions
- advantageous in stable environments
6
Q
Asexual Reproduction - Disadvantages
A
- does not produce genetic variation
- only genetic variation is mutation
- rapid population growth
7
Q
Sexual reproduction
A
- can occur internally or externally
8
Q
Internal Fertilisation
A
- is the process of fertilisation that occurs inside the body (oviparity, ovoviviparity, viviparity)
9
Q
Advantages of Internal Fertilisation
A
- increased fertilisation probability
- mates are selective
- young is protected against predators, increased survival
10
Q
External Fertilisation
A
- occurs outside the body of an organism, usually requires water
- spawning (leads to higher genetic diversity)
11
Q
Adv & Dis of External Fertilisation
A
- increased genetic variation (adv)
- produce large number of offspring (adv)
- large amount of gametes are wasted (dis)
- desiccation zygotes (dis)
12
Q
Surface-Area to volume ratio and heat loss
A
- small body = higher surface area: volume ratio (release heat)
- large body = lower surface area: volume ratio (maintain heat)
13
Q
Adaptations
A
- a genetically controlled structural, behavioural or physiological feature that enhances the survival of organisms in a particular environmental conditions
14
Q
Structural
A
- physical features (feathers)
15
Q
Physiological
A
- body processes (respiration)
16
Q
Behavioural
A
- the way an organism acts/actions performed (mating dance)
17
Q
Carrying capacity of a habitat
A
- a species average population size in a particular habitat
18
Q
Indigenous management techniques
A
- Fire (controlled burning to manage animal population and promote vegetative growth
- Hunting (hunting of particular species to control population density)
19
Q
Interactions between ecosystems
A
- mutualism: both species benefit
- commensalism: one species benefits and other is not affected
- parasitism: one species benefits at the expense of another
20
Q
Species richness
A
- Species richness is defined as the number of different species in a region – this is the total number of species (both plant and animal) that you counted for each location.
21
Q
Species evenness
A
- Species evenness refers to how balanced the numbers of each species in a habit are. Instead, you evaluated the abundance of the species as low, medium, or high
22
Q
Population density and size
A
- Population size is the number of species in a population
- Population density is the average number of species per unit of area or volume
23
Q
Sexual v asexual reproduction in plants
A
- asexual reproduction: without seeds
- sexual reproduction: with seeds
24
Q
Cloning-embryo splitting
A
- Remove DNA from donor ovum, so it has no DNA
- Nucleus from somatic cell is transferred to donor ovum
- Ovum is shock to stimulate mitosis
- Cell division until the embryo becomes a blastocyst
- Implant into surrogate mother
25
Cloning-somatic cell nuclear transfer
Uses a different approach than artificial embryo twinning, but still produces an genetic copy of an individual
26
Cloning-plants
- Cloning plants is just to take the cutting/clipping of a plant and grow it elsewhere on its own
27
Gene pool
- the combination of all the genes present in a reproducing population or species
28
Genetic diversity
- the biological variation that occurs within species
