Safe and Effective Use of Pesticides Chapter 1 Pest Management

Question 1

Define Integrated Pest Management (IPM)

Answer 1

Environmentally sensitive approach to pest management (common sense): Current, comprehensive information on the life cycles of pests and their interaction with the environment and available pest control methods, used to manage pest damage: Most economical means, and with the least possible hazard to people, property, and the environment.

Question 2

Key pests

Answer 2

A pest (insect, mite, disease, nematode or weed) that frequently results in unacceptable damage and thus typically requires a control action. Key pest status is dependent on action thresholds set for the pest.

Question 3

Occasional Pests

Answer 3

Pest affect environment once in a while due to life cycles, environmental conditions, or human activity

Question 4

Secondary Pests

Answer 4

Pest aren’t normally a problem, but become problems when the key pests are controlled

Question 5

Define prevention of pests.

Answer 5

Keeping a pest from becoming a problem.

Question 6

Define suppression of pests.

Answer 6

Reducing pest numbers or damage to an acceptable level

Question 7

Define eradication of pests

Answer 7

Destroying an entire pest population.

Question 8

Describe the methods used to achieve prevention of pests.

Answer 8

Rotate between different crops Select pest-resistant varieties
Plant pest-free rootstock
Remove sources of food, water and shelter
Learn about the pests you have and options to control them.
Check for pests in packages or boxes before carrying them into your home.

Question 9

Describe IPM methods.
Describe the methods used to suppress pests.

Answer 9

Cultural Controls
Physical Barriers
Biological Controls
Pesticide Controls
Other pesticides
Follow up!

Question 10

Cultural Controls

Answer 10

Disrupt the environment of the pest, and/or prevent its movement. Plowing,
Crop rotation,
Removal of infected plant material, Cleaning of greenhouse and tillage equipment,
Effective manure management Manage irrigation schedules to avoid long periods of high relative humidity.
When possible only irrigate the root system and not the foliage.

Question 11

Mechanical/Physical Control Examples

Answer 11

Rodent Traps
Mowing
Steam Sterilization
Barriers
Weeding

Question 12

Physical Barriers

Answer 12

Netting over small fruits
Screening in greenhouses
Mulch can inhibit weed germination beneath desirable plants.
Physical barriers are important in termite, house fly, and vertebrate control.
Netting, grid wires, spikes, or other barriers to discourage pest birds.

Question 13

Biological Controls

Answer 13

-Conserving or releasing of natural enemies:
-Beneficial mites that feed on mite pests in orchards,
-Parasitic nematodes that kill harmful soil grubs
-Encarsia formosa, a wasp that parasitizes the greenhouse whitefly
-Biologically altered pests, as in the production and release or large numbers of sterile males
-Use pheromones or juvenile hormones.

Question 14

Describe the methods used to eradicate pests.

Answer 14

Area wide spray program
Releasing sterile insects
Mechanical and cultural practices
intensively monitoring for pests

Question 15

Define economic injury/treatment thresholds and describe what happens when these are reached.

Answer 15

Economic threshold. The pest density at which management action should be taken to prevent an increasing pest population from reaching the economic injury level.

Economic injury level. The smallest number of insects (amount of injury) that will cause yield losses equal to the insect management costs.

https://cropwatch.unl.edu/economic-injury-level-and-economic-threshold-ipm

Question 16

What are the 5 steps of an IPM plan

Answer 16

Step 1: Monitor. Inspect plants on a regular basis.

Step 2: Identify. Accurately diagnose the problem using information about the plant, the environment, and the pest.

Step 3: Assess. Use thresholds to determine if action is necessary. Will the plant survive? Will yield decrease or will the appearance be compromised beyond your threshold level?

Step 4: Implement. Formulate an action strategy based on all options available. This is the “integrated” part of IPM. Consider what is economical, physically feasible, effective, and least toxic.

Step 5: Evaluate. What were the results of the action? Did it produce the desired results?

Question 17

Describe monitoring and explain why it is important

Answer 17

The process of determining what kind of pests are present, their location, and the size of their populations. Pests are monitored via direct inspection, pheromone and food baits, tracking powder, mechanical traps, and glue boards as necessary.

Early detection of pests and pest conducive conditions function together like an early warning system for pests, helping to prevent or minimize a pest outbreak.

What kinds of pests are present?
Are the numbers great enough to warrant control?
When is the right time to begin control?
Have the control efforts successfully reduced the number of pests?

Question 18

Pesticide Environmental Stewardship Program (PESP) was from from which agencies

Answer 18

USDA (US Dept of Agriculture)
EPA Env Prot Agency
FDA Food and Drug Agency

Question 19

Key components of an IPM Plan

Answer 19

Identify pests
Monitor and Asses pest number, damage and favorable field conditions
Use economic injury as a treatment threshold to determine when action is needed
Preventing pest problems
Combining Bio, cultural, physical/mechanical, and chemical management tools as needed.

Question 20

Define Pesticide According to Federal Insecticide, Fungicide, and Rodenticide Act (FIFRA)

Answer 20

Any Material applied to plants, water, soil, harvested crops, structures, clothing, furnishings, or animals to kill, attract, repel, or regulate or interrupt growth and mating of pests.

Question 21

Explain the importance of site-specific variables; pest, host, and natural enemy populations; and
pest life stage in pest management planning.

Answer 21

Monitor and record pest activity to improve the effectiveness of any recommended application

Question 22

Explain the importance of evaluating pest management results.

Answer 22

Determine if it was successful

Question 23

Which IPM Method is Augmentation

Answer 23

Biological Control
(releasing natural predictors)

Question 24

Which IPM Method is Exclusion

Answer 24

Mechanical/Physical control
(Barriers)

Question 25

Which IPM Method is Habitat Modification

Answer 25

Cultural Control

Question 26

What is the best method to address an invasive species threatening crops in anew area

Answer 26

Eradication

Question 27

What is the best method to address environmental conditions starting to favor the development of disease

Answer 27

Prevention

Question 27

What is the best method to address lowering pest populations so natural enemies can maintain control

Answer 27

Suppression

Question 28

Which would be considered a preventive pest management strategy A) Planting weed-free seeds B) Releasing natural enemies C) Eliminating Rodents from a building

Answer 28

A) Planting weed-free seeds

Question 29

Which of the following is true about Treatment Thresholds: A) Treatment thresholds are usually easy to establish by searching the internet B) In an urban landscape, treatment thresholds are usually more related to economics than aesthetics C) Treatment thresholds vary considerably depending on pest, host, and environmental conditions

Answer 29

C) Treatment thresholds vary considerably depending on pest, host, and environmental conditions

Question 30

Which of the following is true about monitoring? A) You may not always need to make good pest management decisions B) It helps you predict the location and abundance of key pest populations C) Use it primarily in spring and summer, when pest populations are high

Answer 30

B) It helps you predict the location and abundance of key pest populations

Question 31

What is the difference between a law and regulation

Answer 31

Laws are passed by the US/CA Legislature and regulations are adopted by US EAP/DPR to carry out the laws.

Question 32

What are the purposes of California's Pesticide and pest control laws

Answer 32

Protect workers from pesticide exposure Provide safe and effective use of pesticides Protect public health

Question 33

Who helps the Department of Pesticide Regulations enforce pesticide use laws and regulations

Answer 33

The local County Ag Commission

Question 34

Who's approval does the County Ag Commission need to adopt supplemental pesticide regulations?

Answer 34

Department of Pesticide Regulation

Question 35

When a Pesticide Registrant allows a pesticide product registration to lapse, how long can pest Control Dealers sell the pesticide?

Answer 35

Pest Control Dealers can sell and deliver the pesticide product for two years after the registration lapses.

Question 36

What are the limits of the sale and use of a product when a pesticide product's registration is cancelled?

Answer 36

The regulatory agency responsible for the cancellation imposes the conditions for further sale and use of the product.

Question 37

A Special Local Needs (Section 24C) registration allows

Answer 37

Uses for pesticides for crops or sites not listed on the Section 3 labeling in the state it was issued.

Question 38

4 groups of pests

Answer 38

Weeds: Undesirable Plants Invertebrates (insects, mites, nematodes, mollusks) Vertebrates, such as rats, mice, other rodents, birds, fish, and snakes. Disease Agents (bacteria, viruses, viroids, fungi, phytoplasmas & other microorganisms and abiotic factors)

Question 39

What kind of control is Cultivation

Answer 39

Mechanical: Cultivation is one of the more common forms of mechanical control. Hoes, plows, disks, mowers, cultivators, and bed conditioners are all mechanical devices that physically disrupt soil conditions.

Question 40

A pesticide that kills all related organisms is considered: Selective Non-selective

Answer 40

Non-selective

Question 41

Characteristics of Integrated Pest Management

Answer 41

Balanced tactical approach Anticipates and prevents damage Uses several tactics in combination

Question 42

What kind of control is altering the environment (eg changing humidity, temperature, air flow, water and light)

Answer 42

Physical Control

Question 43

A device that physically blocks a pest (eg screen door) is what kind of control?

Answer 43

Exclusion Control

Question 44

What kind of control relies on the pest's natural enemies (eg birds, insects, fungi and viruses)

Answer 44

Biological Control

Question 45

Applied controls include:

Answer 45

cultural, regulatory methods, and genetic

Question 46

The Natural Environment including wind, temperature extremes, humidity levels and rainfall are what kind of control

Answer 46

Natural Control

Question 47

Formulation: EC

Answer 47

Emulsifiable Concentrate (EC or E): an oil-based liquid solution plus an emulsifier that, when mixed with water, forms a milky solution. Most ECs contain between 25% and 75% (2–8 pounds) active ingredient per gallon. ECs are among the most versatile formulations. They are used against agricultural, ornamental and turf, forestry, structural, food processing, livestock, and public health pests. They are adaptable to many types of application equipment including portable sprayers, hydraulic sprayers, low-volume ground sprayers, mist blowers, and low-volume aircraft sprayers. Advantages: -Relatively easy to handle, transport, and store -Little agitation required; will not settle out or separate when equipment is running -Not abrasive -Will not plug screens or nozzles -Little visible residue on treated surfaces Disadvantages: -High a.i. concentration makes it easy to overdose or underdose through mixing or calibration errors -Easily absorbed through skin of humans or animals -Solvents may cause rubber or plastic hoses, gaskets, and pump parts and surfaces to deteriorate -May cause pitting or discoloration of painted finishes -Flammable—should be used and stored away from heat or open flame -May be corrosive

Question 48

Formulation: F or L

Answer 48

Flowable (or liquid) (F or L): Active ingredient is a solid that does not dissolve in either water or oil. It is impregnated on a substance such as clay, is ground to a very fine powder. The powder is then suspended in a small amount of liquid. The resulting liquid product is quite thick. Advantages: -Easy to handle and apply Disadvantages: -Require moderate agitation to keep them in suspension -Leave visible residues similar to those of WP. -Spill and splash -Abrasive: contain solid particles that wear nozzles and pumps. -Settle out in their containers. Need shaking before pouring and mixing. -Package them in containers of 5 gallons or less for easy remixing

Question 49

Formulation A

Answer 49

Aerosols (A) Contain one or more active ingredients and a solvent. Most aerosols contain a low percentage of active ingredients. Two types of aerosol formulations: 1 Ready-to-use in pressurized, sealed containers 2 Electric- or gasoline-powered aerosol generators that release the formulation as a "smoke" or "fog." Ready-to-use aerosols are usually small, self-contained units that release the pesticide when the nozzle valve is triggered. The pesticide is driven through a fine opening by an inert gas under pressure, creating fine droplets. These products are used in greenhouses, in small areas inside buildings, or in localized outdoor areas. Commercial models, which hold 5–10 pounds of pesticide, are usually refillable. Advantages: -Ready to use -Portable -Easily stored -Convenient way to buy a small amount of a pesticide -Retain potency for a long time Disadvantages: -Practical for only very limited uses -Risk of inhalation injury -Hazardous if punctured, overheated, or used near an open flame -Difficult to confine to target site or pest Formulations for smoke or fog generators are aerosol formulations but not under pressure. They are used in machines that break the liquid formulation into a fine mist or fog (aerosol) using a rapidly whirling disk or heated surface. These formulations are used mainly for insect control in structures such as greenhouses and warehouses and for mosquito and biting fly control outdoors. Their advantages include: -Easy way to fill entire enclosed space with pesticide Their disadvantages: -Highly specialized use and associated equipment -Difficult to confine to target site or pest -May require respiratory protection to prevent risk of inhalation injury

Question 50

Formulation S

Answer 50

Solution the active ingredient mixes readily with liquid and does not separate.

Question 51

Formulation WP

Answer 51

Wettable Powder (WP): dust-like formulation that does not dissolve in water and must be constantly agitated to remain in suspension. They contain 5%–95% active ingredient by weight, usually 50% or more. -Do not dissolve in water. -One of the most widely used pesticide formulations. -Excellent residual activity. -Pesticide remains on the surface of treated porous materials such as concrete, plaster, and untreated wood

Question 52

Formulation SP

Answer 52

Soluble Powder (SP): The amount of active ingredient in soluble powders ranges from 15% to 95% by weight; it usually is more than 50%. Few pesticides are available in this formulation because few active ingredients are readily soluble in water. -Dissolve readily and form a true solution. -No additional agitation is necessary. -Excellent residual activity. -Pesticide remains on the surface of treated porous materials such as concrete, plaster, and untreated wood

Question 53

Formulation WDG and DF

Answer 53

Water-dispersible granules, also known as dry flowables, are like wettable powders except instead of being dustlike, they are formulated as small, easily measured granules. Water-dispersible granules must be mixed with water to be applied. Once in water, the granules break apart into fine particles similar to wettable powders. The percentage of active ingredient is high, often as much as 90 percent by weight. -Requires constant agitation to keep them suspended in water. -They are more easily measured and mixed -Because of low dust, they cause less inhalation hazard to the applicator during handling -Excellent residual activity. -Pesticide remains on the surface of treated porous materials such as concrete, plaster, and untreated wood

Question 54

Formulation WSP

Answer 54

Water Soluble Packets (WSP): a wettable or soluble powder that has been pre-measured into a plastic bag that dissolves in the tank water -No risks of inhaling or contacting the undiluted pesticide

Question 55

Formulation D

Answer 55

Dusts (D): Most dust formulations are ready to use and contain a low percentage of active ingredients (usually 10% or less by weight), plus a very fine, dry inert carrier made from talc, chalk, clay, nut hulls, or volcanic ash. The size of individual dust particles varies. A few dust formulations are concentrates and contain a high percentage of active ingredients. These concentrates are mixed with dry inert carriers before applying. Dusts are always used dry and can easily drift to nontarget sites. They are widely used as seed treatments and sometimes for agricultural applications. In structures, dust formulations are used in cracks and crevices and for spot treatments to control insects such as cockroaches. Insects ingest poisonous dusts during grooming or absorb the dusts through their outer body covering. Dusts also are used to control lice, fleas, and other parasites on pets and livestock. Advantages: -Most are ready to use, with no mixing -Effective where moisture from a spray might cause damage -Require simple equipment -Effective in hard-to-reach indoor areas Disadvantages: -Easily drift off target during application -Residue easily moved off target by air movement or water -May irritate eyes, nose, throat, and skin -Will not stick to surfaces as well as liquids -Dampness can cause clogging and lumping -Difficult to get an even distribution of particles on surfaces Special dusts, known as tracking powders, are used for monitoring and controlling rodents and insects. For rodent control, the tracking powder consists of finely ground dust combined with a stomach poison. Rodents walk through the dust, pick it up on their feet and fur, and ingest it when they clean themselves. Tracking powders are useful when bait acceptance is poor because of an abundant, readily available food supply. Nontoxic powders, such as talc or flour, often are used to monitor and track the activity of rodents in buildings.

Question 56

What are the 15 sections of a Pesticide Label

Answer 56

1. Product classification 2. Trade Name/Brand Name 3. Formulation 4. Mode of Action 5. Active Ingredient 6. Other/Inert Ingredients 7. Net Contents 8. EPA Registration Number 9. Manufacturer's Address 10. Signal Word 11. Keep Out of Reach of Children Warning 12. First Aid (May or may not be on the front panel) 13. Precautionary Statements 14. Directions for Use 15. Storage and Disposal

Question 57

Common Precautionary Statements

Answer 57

Hazards to Humans and Domestic Animals This part of the label includes precautionary statements indicating specific hazards, routes of exposure, and precautions to be taken to avoid human and animal injury, based on the signal word. Protection for mouth, skin, eyes, or lungs are provided, and what specific action you need to take to avoid acute effects from exposure. Personal Protective Equipment Specific instructions are included regarding the type of clothing that must be worn during the handling and mixing processes. The personal protective equipment listed is the minimum protection that should be worn while handling the pesticide. User Safety Recommendations This section is usually surrounded by a box, and includes information on proper washing after handling the pesticide. Environmental Hazards An explanation is provided of potential hazards and the precautions needed to prevent injury or damage to non-target organisms or to the environment, especially preventing groundwater contamination. Physical or Chemical Hazards Explains hazards for fire, or other.

Question 58

Neonicotinoids

Answer 58

ex: Imidacloprid Simulates nicotine insecticide, miticide Nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChR) agonists Systemic Accumulate in pollen and nectar (possibly bad for pollinators)

Question 59

Abiotic Causes

Answer 59

Discolored Foliage Distorted Fruits Premature Flowering

Question 60

Pathogen symptoms

Answer 60

Legions Rotted Areas (stem rots, root rot, soft & dry rots, scab on fruit, leaves, tubers) Mold leaf spots Blight on leaves, branches, flowers (rust, white powder) Enlarged growths (clubroot, warts on tubers, witches broom, curled leaves) Overall decline of host

Question 61

Carbamates

Answer 61

Highly toxic to mammals (impair nerve function) Widely used Do not build up in animal tissue (short lived & reversible) ex carbaryl, methomyl, metam-sodium, metam-potassium Enzyme inhibitor, multi site inhibitor

Question 62

Why is understanding pest biology important for managing pests

Answer 62

Lack of information and poor understanding of a pest could cause you to pick the wrong control method or apply the control at the wrong time. This is the most frequent cause of control failure.

Question 63

Why is correctly identifying pests important?

Answer 63

Misidentification could cause you to pick the wrong control method or apply the control at the wrong time. This is the most frequent cause of control failure.

Question 64

How are pests organized and identified using scientific names

Answer 64

Domain, Kingdom, Phylum, Class, Order, Family, Genus, Species Scientific Name is Genus and Species ex: Eukarya: Animalia: Chordata: Mammalia: Carnivora: Canidae: Vulpes: Vulpes (Red fox) or Eukarya: Animalia: Arthropoda: Hexapoda: Insecta: Lepidoptera: Noctuidae: Helicoverpa zea (Corn earworm, cotton bollworm, tomato fruitworm) or Eukarya: Animalia: Chordata: Mammalia: Glires: Lagomorpha: Oryctolagus cuniculus

Question 65

List and describe the types of resources and references available for identifying pests, symptoms of infestation, and damage caused by pests.

Answer 65

Farm Advisor at UC Cooperative Extension UC Agriculture and Natural Resources (ANR) University of California experts County Ag Commissioners California Department of Food and Agriculture CDFA Licensed Pest Control Companies

Question 66

Pesticide Definition

Answer 66

Any substance or mixture of substances intended for preventing, destroying , repelling, or mitigation any insect, rodents, nematodes, fungi, or weeks or any other forms of life declared to be pests and any substance or mixture of substances intended for use as a plant regulator, defoliant or desiccant.