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Safety Flashcards

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1
Q

_______-Used to define radiation exposure or radiation delivered to a specific point
-Measured in ______ or _______
so 1_____ = 1 ______
- Described as:

A

Air kerma

gray (Gy) — Gya (a indicates air)
1 Gy = 1 joule/kilogram (J/kg)—

described as energy absorption per kilogram of tissue irradiated

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2
Q

_______(____)—absorbed dose
_______(____)—air kerma
_______(___)—absorbed dose in tissue
________(___)—unit of effective and equivalent dose
_________(___)—unit of radioactivity

A

Gray (Gy)
Gray (Gya)
Gray (Gyt)
Sievert (Sv)
Becquerel (Bq)

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3
Q

Results of ionization in human cells:
a.
b.
c.
d.
e.

A

a. Unstable atoms
b. Free electrons
c. Production of low-energy x-rays
d. Formation of new molecules harmful to the cell
e. Cell damage may be exhibited as abnormal function or loss of function

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4
Q

Types of radiation damage: __________ & ____________
1._________ - Damage to the exposed individual
2. ________ - Damage to the genetic code of the germ cell contained in the DNA; may be passed to the next
generation

A

Somatic
Genetic

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5
Q

Greatest source of natural background exposure to humans is __________

_______ accounts for the largest increase in total dose and medical dose to the population

_______ - Remove electron from atom

A

Radon

CT

Ionization

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6
Q

_________-Radiation exiting the x-ray tube
_________-(image-producing radiation): X-rays that emerge from the patient and strike the image receptor; composed of ________ & _______ photons
_________- Absorption and scatter (loss of intensity) of the x-ray beam as it passes through the patient

_________- X-ray beam that contains photons of many different energies

A

Primary Radiation

Exiting Radiation
primary & scatter photons

Attenuation

Heterogeneous Beam

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7
Q

-Most common photon–tissue interactions in diagnostic radiography are _______ & _______

A

-Photoelectric Absorption & Compton Scatter

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8
Q

What Interaction is shown?
Explain process of it

A

Photoelectric Absorption

b. Incoming x-ray photon strikes a K-shell electron
c. Energy of x-ray photon is transferred to electron
d. Electron is ejected from the K-shell and is now called a photoelectron
e. X-ray photon has deposited all of its energy and ceases to exist
f. Photon has been completely absorbed
h. Hole in K-shell is filled by electrons from outer shells, releasing energy that creates low-energy characteristic photons that are locally absorbed

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9
Q

What interaction is shown?
Explain Process

A

Compton scattering

b. Incoming x-ray photon strikes a loosely bound, outer-shell electron
c. Photon transfers part of its energy to the electron
d. Electron is removed from orbit as a scattered electron, referred to as a recoil electron
f. Photon scatters in another direction with less energy than before
g. Scattered photons emerging from the patient travel in divergent paths in random directions

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10
Q

What interaction is shown?
Explain Process

A

Coherent scatter

a. Produced by low-energy x-ray photons
b. Atomic electrons are not removed but vibrate because of the deposition of energy from the photon
c. As the electrons vibrate, they emit energy equal to that of the original photon
d. This energy travels in a path slightly different from the path of the original photon
e. Ionization has not occurred, although the photon has scattered

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11
Q

Which interactions do NOT occur in xray: _______ & ________.

What is coherent scatter? what is incoherent scatter?

Which intersection produces contrast on an image?

A

Photodisintegration & Pair Production

  • Coherent = Classical
    - Incoherent = Compton

-Photoelectric Absorption

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12
Q

What interaction is shown
explain process

A

Interaction with Tungsten Atom
Bremsstrahlune Radiation “Braking Radiation”

  1. Incoming electrons interact with the electronic field of the atom’s nucleus [
    2.Incoming e-slows (brakes) and changes direction some energy is lost as a Brem’s x-ray photon
    (closer to nucleus = more energv lost)
  2. The incoming electron now leaves with the remaining energy in a different direction
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13
Q

The energy of the x-ray photon depends on ____________________

Formula for Brem’s x-ray photon energy:

The maximum energy of the Brem’s x-ray is __________________

A

how close it gets to the nucleus and how much energy is lost during bremstaug interaction

Incoming electron energy - outgoing electron energy = ray energy

the same as the tube potential
i.e.: 100 kVp (tube potential) = 100 keV (max Brem’s energy)

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14
Q

_____________ - Conducts research and provides recommendations
on radiation protection to the worldwide community based on fundamental scientific principles

___________- Formulates and publishes scientifically researched recommendations on radiation protection and measurements in the United States

What are the dose response relationships?

A
  • International Commission on Radiological Protection (ICRP)

-National Council on Radiation Protection and Measurements (NCRP)

-Linear & Nonliear
- Threshold & nonthreshold
- stochastic & deterministic

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15
Q

What response curve is this?

Is there a safe level of radiation?
when do responses occur?
Is it proportional or nonproportional?

A

Linear-nonthreshold relationship:
a. Indicates that no level of radiation can be considered completely safe
b. A response occurs at every dose
c. The degree of response to exposure is directly proportional to the amount of radiation received

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16
Q

What response curve is this?

Is there a safe level of radiation?
when do responses occur?
Is it proportional or nonproportional?
example?

A
  1. Linear-threshold relationship

a. Indicates that at lower doses of radiation exposure no response is expected
b. When the threshold dose is exceeded, the response is directly proportional to the dose received
c. As an example, cataractogenesis does not occur at low levels of radiation exposure; there is a threshold dose below which cataractogenesis does not occur

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17
Q

What response curve is this?

Is there a safe level of radiation?
when do responses occur?
Is it proportional or nonproportional?
example?

A
  1. Nonlinear-threshold relationship

a. Indicates that at lower doses of radiation no response is expected
b. When threshold dose exceeded, the response is not directly proportional to the dose received and is increasingly effective per unit dose

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18
Q

What response curve is this?

Is there a safe level of radiation?
when do responses occur?
Is it proportional or nonproportional?
example?

A
  1. Nonlinear-nonthreshold

a. Indicates that no level of radiation can be considered completely safe
b. A response occurs at every dose
c. The degree of the response is not directly proportional to the dose received
d. The effect is large even with a small increase in dose

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19
Q

____________- Randomly occurring effects of radiation
- probability of such effects is
____________

___________-Effects that become more severe high levels of radiation exposure and do not occur below a certain threshold dose

What is NRCP #116?

A
  1. Stochastic effects
    -proportional to the dose (increased dose equals increased probability, not severity, of effects)
  2. Deterministic effects

-Annual dose limits published

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20
Q

Occupational exposure annual limit:
a. Lens of the eye—
b. Localized areas of skin, hands, feet-

Cumulative effective dose limit =

Students (older than age 18)—annual dose limit =

General public—annual effective dose limit for frequent exposure is:
- annual effective dose limit for infrequent exposure is:

A
  • effective dose limit is 50 mSv
    a. 150 mSv
    b. 500 mSv
  • Age (in years) × 10 mSv
  • effective dose limit is 50 mSv

-Frequent: 1 mSv.
-Infrequent: 5 mSv

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21
Q

Embryo-fetus—total equivalent dose for gestation is

Embryo-fetus—equivalent dose limit per month is:

Level of negligible risk is:

A

5 mSv total

.5 mSv per month

.01 mSv

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22
Q

_________ -is the upper boundary dose that can be absorbed, either in a single exposure or annually, with a negligible risk of somatic or genetic damage to the individual

Three main parts of the cell:

A

Effective dose limit

  1. Cell membrane
  2. Cytoplasm
  3. Nucleus
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23
Q

Cell membrane functions:
________, ________, & __________

Cytoplasm
Contains:________ & Functions: _______

A
  1. Protects cell
  2. Holds in water and nucleus
  3. Allows water, nutrients, and waste products to pass into and out of the cell (it is semipermeable)
  4. Composed primarily of water
  5. Conducts all cellular metabolism
  6. Contains organelles
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24
Q

a.______: Participate in cell division
b.______: Synthesize protein
c.______: Contain enzymes for intracellular digestive processes
d.______: Produce energy
e.______: Combines proteins with carbohydrates
f._______: Acts as a transportation
system to move food and molecules within the cell

A

a. Centrosomes
b. Ribosomes
c. Lysosomes
d. Mitochondria
e. Golgi apparatus
f. Endoplasmic reticulum

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25
Nucleus Contains_________ and ________ 2. DNA controls _______ & _______ Mitosis occurs in what cells?
deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) & ribonucleic acid [RNA]) cell division & cellular functions somatic cells
26
Mitosis: Occurs in: _____ cells Step 1 is ________, What occurs in this phase? Step 2 is ________, What occurs? Step 3 is ________, What occurs? Step 4 is ________, What occurs? Step 5 is ________, What occurs? Mitosis results in:
Somatic 1. Interphase Cell growth before mitosis DNA synthesis 2. Prophase—nucleus enlarges 3. Metaphase—nucleus elongates 4. Anaphase—two complete sets of chromosomes 5. Telophase—separates the two sets of genetic material; division complete 46 chromosomes in EACH somatic cells
27
Meiosis: Occurs in: _____ cells Step 1 is ________, What occurs in this phase? Step 2 is ________, What occurs? Step 3 is ________, What occurs? Meiosis results in:
Cell division of sperm or ovum (germ cells) 1. Replication division 2. Reduction division 3. Sperm and ovum unite to return the number of chromosomes in each cell of the new individual to 46 Results in halving # chromosomes in each cell
28
As LET of radiation increases, biological damage _________ B. _________- Ability to produce biological damage; varies with LET E. Somatic cell exposure may result in __________ F. Reproductive (germ) cell exposure may result in __________
increases B. Relative biologic effectiveness (RBE) E. a disruption in the ability of the organism to function F. changes, called mutations, being passed on to the next generation
29
________ - Occurs when radiation transfers its energy directly to the DNA (the master molecule) or RNA - This can result in: ________- Erroneous information passed to subsequent generations via cell division
Direct Effect - 1. Cell mutation 2. Cell death 3. no effect (most common) Mutation
30
_______ -Occurs as radiation energy is deposited in the water of the cell - The result is: No damage occurs IF: _______-Highly reactive ions that have an unpaired electron in the outer shell
Radiolysis of water -an ion pair in the cell: a positively charged water molecule (HOH+) and a free electron No damage if ions recombine free radicals
31
Why are free radicals bad? how are they formed? what do they create? Why is radiolysis referred to as “indirect” effect
Cause biological damage to surrounding molecules - formed by radiolysis of water -Can form Hydrogen Peroxide (bad for cells) -It affects DNA without direct contact from radiation
32
What is the target theory? How does this occur? What is the Law of Bergonié and Tribondeau?
Each cell has a master molecule (DNA) that directs cell activities B. If the DNA is the target of radiation damage and is inactivated, the cell dies - DNA may be inactivated by either direct or indirect effects -Cells are most sensitive to radiation when they are immature, undifferentiated, and rapidly dividing
33
If cells are more oxygenated, damage is _____________. Known as: As cells mature, they become ___________ therefore ______ to damage How much whole body dose affects blood count? how?
- more susceptible / AKA: Oxygen Enhancement Ratio (OER) - Mature = Specialized = Less Damage -25 rads depress blood count
34
________ are the most radiosensitive blood cells in the body Epithelial Tissue is _______ radiosensitive, divides ______, and located ________ Muscle is _______ radiosensitive because ________ & divides ______
Lymphocytes Epithelial tissue: Highly radiosensitive, divides rapidly, lines body tissue F. Muscle: Relatively insensitive because of high specialization and lack of cell division
35
Adult nerve tissue: Radiosensitive? Why? Cell Division? Reproductive cells: Radiosensitive? Why? Cell Division? Somatic effects are evident in:
relatively insensitive to radiation, is very specialized, has no cell division - Very radiosensitive, unspecialized divide rapidly -organism being exposed
36
Do somatic effects occur in medical radiology? What causes somatic effects? Early somatic effects are called:
No, doses required are above diagnostic large dose of radiation is received by a large area of the body (also local areas of body receiving high doses) acute radiation syndrome
37
Examples of acute radiation syndrome include: Examples of late Somatic effects:
Hematopoietic syndrome GI syndrome Central nervous system syndrome: Carcinogenesis Cataractogenesis Embryologic effects Thyroid Shortening of life
38
1._________: Decreases total number of all blood cells; can result in death 2._________: Causes total disruption of GI tract structure and function and can result in death 3.__________: Causes complete fail- ure of nervous system and results in death 1._______: Causes cancer 2._______: Causes cataracts to form 3._______: Most sensitive during the first trimester of gestation 4._______: Very radiosensitive organ; late somatic effect may be cancer or cessation of function
1. Hematopoietic syndrome 2. GI syndrome 3. Central nervous system syndrome Carcinogenesis Cataractogenesis Embryologic effects Thyroid
39
_______-Caused by damage to DNA molecule, which is passed to the next generation - Dose response curve: _______-Amount of radiation that causes the number of mutations in a population to double
Genetic Effect - linear nonthreshold Doubling Dose
40
Where is DNA located? What does cytoplasm contain? What is interphase & when does it occur? What is mitosis? Name of phases? What is result?
In Nucleus Water & Organelles Interphase - Portion of the cellular life cycle that occurs before mitosis Somatic cell division; comprises four phases: prophase, metaphase, anaphase, and telophase - Each new cell contains 46 chromosomes
41
what is meiosis? what is the result? what is LET? what is RBE? An increase in LET, is _______ in potential biological damage
Germ (sperm or ovum) cell division; halves the number of chromosomes in each cell - union of two germ cells produces a new cell with 46 chromosomes -Amount of energy deposited per unit length of travel of radiation passing through matter -Ability of radiation to produce biological damage; it varies with LET -increase
42
What effect radiation transfers its energy directly to the DNA or RNA? How are mutations transferred? what effect radiation Occurs when radiation transfers its energy to the water in the cytoplasm? Which effect occurs more? why? What is H2O2?
Direct Effect Through generations via cell division Indirect Indirect because body mostly water Hydrogen Peroxide
43
Cells are most sensitive to radiation when they are: ______________ - Based on: What is OER? As cells mature and become specialized, they are ______ sensitive to radiation
immature, undifferentiated, and rapidly dividing -Law of Bergonié and Tribondeau OER- cells are more oxygenated, they are more susceptible to radiation damage less
44
Are stem cells radiosensitive? Where are they located? What is least radiosensitive to most radiosensitive: Muscle / Nerve / Epithelial Tissue Hematopoietic syndrome, GI syndrome, central nervous system syndrome are examples of: Carcinogenesis, cataractogenesis, embryologic effects, life span shortening are examples of:
Highly sensitive / in bone marrow Adult Nerve, Muscle, Epithelial Early somatic effects (acute radiation syndrome) Late somatic effects
45
How does beam limitation protect patients? Collimator is a _________ Consist of 2 shutters made of ______ 1 located ________ for ___________ 2 located _______ for __________ Collimating should be no larger than:
by limiting the area of the body and the volume of tissue being irradiated variable aperture device 2 led shutters, 1. near the x-ray tube window to absorb off-focus radiation 2. bottom of the collimator box to restrict the beam further as it exits size of IR being used
46
__________- Collimators that automatically restrict the beam to the size of the image receptor -AKA How does this work? What are Cylinders cones used for? where are they placed? Exams comes are used for:
Positive Beam Limitation (PBL) -Automatic collimation -receptor is placed in the tray containing sensors that measure its size Used to restrict the beam tightly to a small circle -attach to the bottom of the collimator os calcis, various skull projections, and cone-down views of vertebral bodies
47
How do cylinder cones work? Technical Factor changes? why? Do cylinders focus the xray beam? What is an Aperture diaphragm?
-restriction of the x-ray beam by cutting out a major portion of the beam -mAs must always be increased to make up for the rays attenuated by the cone - NO x-rays cannot be focused -Flat piece of lead with circle opening in middle, placed close to xray tube window
48
WHERE IS A FILTER PLACED? WHAT DOES IT DO? WHAT DOES THIS RESULT IN? WHY ARE FILTERS USED? TYPES?
-IN THE XRAY BEAM TO REMOE LONG WAVE LENGTH / LOW ENERGY XRAYS "HARDENS" BEAM LOWER PATIENT DOSE INHERIT & ADDED
49
WHERE IS INHERIT FILTRATION? WHERE IS ADDED FILTER? WHAT IS IT MADE OF? WHAT IS TOTAL FILTRATION?
GLASS ENVELOPE OF TUBE, INSULATING OIL AROUND TUBE, DIAGONAL MIRROR USED FOR POSITIONING PLACED IN PATH OF BEAM NEAR XRAY TUBE WINDOW ALUMINUM INHERIT + ADDED FILTER
50
TOTAL FILTRATION FOR TUBES OPERATING GREATER THAN 70KVP: _________ WHAT IS HALF VALUE LAYER? WHEN AND HOW IS IT MEASURED?
2.5 mmAl Amount of filtration that reduces the intensity of the x-ray beam to half of its original value -measured at least annually by a qualified radiation physicist
51
WHEN SHOULD GONADAL SHIELDING BE USED? GONADAL SHIELD MAY REDUCE FEMALE DOSE BY ________ & MALE DOSE BY _______ COMMON SHIELDS USED & WHERE:
WHEN THEY DO NOT OBSTRUCT AREA OF CLINICAL INTEREST F = 50%. M = 95% FLAT CONACT SHIELD PLACED DIRECTLY ON PATIENT SHADOW SHIELD PLACED FRON XRAY HOUSING (STERILE FIELD)
52
PART BEING IMAGED CAN BE MEASURED BY: GRIDS _______ PATIENT DOSE BECAUSE __________________ MINIMUM SOURCE-TO-SKIN DISTANCE FOR PORTABLE RADIOGRAPHY: FLUROSCOPY USED:
CALIPERS INCREASE B/C INCREASED MAS REQUIRED 12 INCHES (30CM) PULSED / LOW-DOSE OR INTERMITTENT FLURO (INSTEAD OF CONSTANT BEAM ON)
53
SOURCE TO TABLE TOP FOR PORTABLE FLURO: SOURCE TO TABLE TOP FOR FIXED FLURO: TYPE OF EXPOSURE SWITCH IN FLURO: GENERAL FLURO LIMIT DOSE AT TABLETOP TO: FOR HIGH LEVEL FLURO:
NO LESS THAN 12 IN (30CM) NO LESS THAN 15 IN (38) DEAD MAN TYPE NO MORE THAN 100mGy PER MINUTE NO MORE THAN 200mGy PER MINUTE
54
WHERE SHOULD PERSONNEL STAND DURING FLURO? WHERE SHOULD TUBE BE PLACED IN FLURO? WHAT PROJECTION(S) IS THIS? WHERE IS LEAD BADGE PLACED? WHY MONITOR AIR-KERMA DURING FLURO?
ON IMAGE INTENSIFIER SIDE OF C-ARM DURING LATERAL/OBLIQUES BELOW PATIENT/TABLE - ANTEROPOSTERIOR & POSTEROANTERIOR OUTSIDE APRON AT COLLAR AIR KERMA IS APPROXIMATE SKIN DOSE WHERE BEAM ENTERING PATIENT, MONITORING CAN KEEO DOSE LOWER
55
WHAT IS DOSE AREA PRODUCT? WHERE MEASURED? WHAT IS LAST IMAGE HOLD? WHY USED? WHAT IS AUTOMATIC BRIGHTNESS CONTROL? AKA? WHAT DOSENT ABC CONTROL?
DAP - TOTAL AIR KERMA STRIKING SURFACE OF PATIENT - DAP METER ON FLURO MONITOR LIH- ALLOWS FOR LAST IMAGE IN FLURO BE HELD ON MONITOR SO THAT IMAGE CAN BE DISPLAYED WITHOUT CONTINUED EXPOSURE ABC OR AUTOMATIC EXPOSURE RATE CONTROL - KVP AND MA (NOT MAS) ARE AUTOMATICALLY ADJUSTED TO KEEP IMAGE BRIGHTNESS - ABC DOESNT CONTROL TIME - ONLY KVP / MA
56
WHAT TWO DOSES MEASURE PATIENT DOSE: ____________- Radiation dose that, if received by the entire population, would cause the same genetic injury as the total of doses received by the persons actually being exposed MOST DIAGNOSTIC XRAY EXAMS EQUIVALENT DOSE IS ________ WHERE DO GRIDS REMOVE SCATTER? WHEN?
SKIN ENTRANCE DOSE & MEAN MARROW DOSE (DOSE TO ACTIVE BONE MARROW) *MMD* Genetically significant dose (GSD) LESS THAN 0.01 mSv FROM EXIT BEAM / AFTER STRIKING PATIENT
57
WHAT IS GSD? WHAT ARE CARDINAL PRINCIPLES OF RADIATION PROTECTION WHAT IS NRCP REPORT #102 WHO CAN HOLD PATIENTS? WHO CAN'T?
-Radiation dose that, if received by the entire population, would cause the same genetic injury as the total of doses received by the persons actually being exposed TIME DISTANCE SHIELDING LEAD DEVICES RECOMMENDATIONS FAMILY MEMDER FIRST, THEN DR/NURSE OR NON RADIATION WORKER --- NEVER RADTECH
58
LEAD EQUIVALENTS FOR: LEAD APRON THYROID SHIELD PRIMARY BARRIER: SECONDARY BARRIER:
.25 mm lead required / .5 mm recommended .5mm 1/16 in LEAD 1/32 in
59
GREATEST SOURCE RADIATION EXPOSURE TO WORKER WHERE IS GREATEST EXPOSURE FOR WORKERS? DO PHOTONS MAINTAIN, GAIN OR LOSE ENERGY AFTER SCATTERING? -BY HOW MUCH? WHAT DEVICES HELPS TO REDUCE COMPTON INTERACTION?
SCATTER VIA PATIENT FLURO, PORTABLE & SURGICAL LOSES ENERGY - 1/1000 (0.001) INTENSITY OF PRIMARY BEAM AT 90* ANGLE AT 1m FROM PATIENT BEAM COLLIMATION & HIGH SPEED IR
60
WHERE IS PRIME BARRIER LOCATED? CONSIST OF HOW MUCH LEAD? WHERE IS PRIME BARRIER LOCATED? CONSIST OF HOW MUCH LEAD? OVERLAP? EXAMPLE?
WHERE PRIME BEAM STRIKES FLOOR OR WALL (FLOOR - 7 FEET) 1/16 in EXTENDS FROM PRIMARY BARRIER ENDS - CEILING WHEREVER LEAKAGE OR SCATTER MIGHT STRIKE 1/32 in LEAD 1/2 in OVERLAP -XRAY CONTROL BOOTH
61
FIXED EXPOSURE SWITCH MUST BE: LEAD WINDOW EQUIVALENT: WHAT DETERMINES BARRIER THICKNESS?
CORD SHORT ENOUGH THAT RADIOGRAPHER BEHIND BOOTH TO OPERATE 1.5mm EQUIVALENT DISTANCE, OCCUPANCY (CONTROLLED & UNCONTROLLED AREAS), WORKLOAD & USE FACTOR
62
UNCONTROLED VS CONTROLLED AREAS: EXPLAIN DISTANCE IN BARRIER THICKNESS: EXPLAIN WORKLOAD IN BARRIER THICKNESS: EXPLAIN USE FACTOR IN BARRIER THICKNESS:
UNCONT. = NO MONITORED WORKERS / CONTROLED = MONITORED WORKERS DIST= BETWEEN SOURCE AND BARRIER WORKLOAD = mA MINUTES PER WEEK, VOLUME & TYPE OF EXAMS PREFORMED IN ROOM USE FACTOR = AMOUNT TIME BEAM IS ON AND DIRECTED AT BARRIER
63
LEAKAGE RADIATION MAY NOT EXCEED: PROTECTIVE CURTAIN IN FLURO LEAD EQUIVALENT = BUCKEY SLOT COVER IN FLURO LEAD EQUIVALENT = FLURO MACHINE MUST CONTAIN THIS:
1 mGy PER HOUR AT 1m FROM HOUSING .25 mm LEAD 0.25 mm LEAD 5 MINUTE AUDIBLE ALARM
64
PORTABLE EXPOSURE SHOULD BE: PORTABLES MUST HAVE: WHERE IS LEAST AMOUNT OF SCATTER? DOSE IS GOVERNED BY:
AT LEAST 6 FEET LONG MUST HAVE LEAD APRONS 90* FROM PATIENT INVERSE SQUARE LAW
65
WHAT IS AN OSL? WHAT DOES IT USE TO RECORD? MEASURES HOW MUCH? WORN FOR HOW LONG? HOW MANY TIMES READ?
Optically stimulated luminescence (OSL) dosimeters ALUMINUM OXIDE AS LOW AS 10uGy 3 MONTHS READ MULTIPLE TIMES
66
HOW DOSE OSL READ EXPOSURE?
A. ABSORBED XRAY CAUSES ELECTRONS BE TRAPPED B. ALUMINUM OXIDE LAYER STIMULATED BY LASER BEAM C. ELECTRONS RELASE ENERGY AT VISIBLE LIGHT D. LIGHT DIRECT PROPORTIONAL TO AMOUNT RADIATION RECEIVED.
67
WHAT IS TLD? WHAT DOES IT USE TO RECORD? MEASURES HOW MUCH? WORN FOR HOW LONG? WORN WHERE?
Thermoluminescent dosimeters (TLDs LITHIUM FLUORIDE CRYSTALS AS LOW AS 50uGy LONGER THAN FILM BADGES USUALLY IN RING BADGES
68
DOWNSIDE OF TLD: EXPLAIN HOW TLD READS EXPOSURES:
MORE EXPENSIVE TO READ & EQUIPT THEM THAN FILM A. ELECTRONS OF CRYSTAL EXCITED BY EXPOSURE & RELEASE ENERGY ON HEATING B. ENERGY IS VISIBLE LIGHT, MEASURED BY PHOTOMULTIPLIER C. LIGHT DIRECT PROPORTIONAL TO RADIATION RECIEVED
69
ARE FILM BADGES USED? WHAT DOES IT USE TO RECORD? MADE OF: MEASURES HOW MUCH? HOW OFTEN READ? SIMILIAR TO: DOWNSIDE:
AVAILABLE BUT NOT USED OFTEN FILTERS OF ALUMINUM AND COPPER MEASURE INTENSITY PLASTIC CASE, FILM & FILTER AS LOW AS 100uGy MONTHLY DENTAL XRAY FILM SENSITIVE TO TEMPERATURE & HUMIDITY
70
TYPES OF PERSONAL MONITORING DEVICES: TYPES OF AREA MONITORING DEVICES:
P: OSL, TLD & FOLM BADGES A: HANDHELD IONIZATION CHAMBER, FIEGER-MUELLER DETECTOR

Physics, Production & Bio (5 decks)

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