safety Flashcards by Jeremy Sanicki

The late effects of radiation, carcinogenesis and genetic effects, are considered to
1 have no threshold dose.
2 be indirectly related to dose.
3 occur within hours of exposure.

1 have no threshold dose.

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What is (are) the major effect(s) of deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) irradiation?
Malignant disease
Chromosome aberration
Cell death

A
1 only

B
1 and 2 only

C
2 and 3 only

D
1, 2, and 3

d 1,2,3

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The term used to describe the gradual decrease in exposure rate as an x-ray beam passes through matter is

A
attenuation

B
absorption

C
scattered radiation

D
secondary radiation

a attenuation

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Which of the following types of adult tissue is (are) comparatively insensitive to effects of ionizing radiation?
Epithelial tissue
Nerve tissue
Muscle tissue

A
1 only

B
1 and 2 only

C
2 and 3 only

D
1, 2, and 3

2 and 3

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Which of the following statements regarding dual x-ray absorptiometry is (are) true?
It is a low-dose procedure.
Two x-ray photon energies are used.
Photon attenuation by bone is calculated.

A
1 only

B
1 and 2 only

C
1 and 3 only

D
1, 2, and 3

1,2,3

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If 1 - 10 Gy or more is received as a whole-body dose in a short period of time, certain symptoms will occur; these are referred to as

A
short-term effects.

B
long-term effects.

C
lethal dose.

D
acute radiation syndrome.

d acute radiation syndrome

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X-ray photon beam attenuation is influenced by

tissue type.
subject thickness.
photon quality.

A
1 only

B
3 only

C
2 and 3 only

D
1, 2, and 3

d) 1,2,3

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Late or long-term effects of radiation exposure are generally represented by which of the following dose-response curves?

A
Linear threshold

B
Linear nonthreshold

C
Nonlinear threshold

D
Nonlinear nonthreshold

b linear nonthreshold

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Which type of dose–response relationship represents radiation-induced leukemia and genetic effects?

A
Linear, threshold

B
Nonlinear, threshold

C
Linear, nonthreshold

D
Nonlinear, nonthreshold

linear nonthreshold

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Which of the following radiation-induced conditions is most likely to have the longest latent period?

A
Leukemia

B
Temporary infertility

C
Erythema

D
Acute radiation lethality

a leukemia

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The source of electrons within the x-ray tube is via

A
electrolysis.

B
thermionic emission.

C
rectification.

D
induction.

b thermionic emission

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What is the relationship between LET and RBE?

A
As LET increases, RBE increases.

B
As LET increases, RBE decreases.

C
As LET decreases, RBE increases.

D
There is no direct relationship between LET and RBE.

a) as LET increases, RBE increases

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Possible responses to irradiation in utero include
spontaneous abortion
congenital anomalies
childhood malignancies

A
1 only

B
1 and 2 only

C
2 and 3 only

D
1, 2, and 3

D) 1,2,3

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Which of the following is the term used to describe a skin dose that exceeds 15 Gy?

A
Genetically significant dose

B
Sentinel event

C
Threshold dose

D
Relative risk

B sentinel event

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What is used to account for the differences in tissue sensitivity to ionizing radiation when determining effective dose E?
Tissue weighting factors (W t )
Radiation weighting factors (W r )
Absorbed dose

A
1 only

B
1 and 2 only

C
2 and 3 only

D
1, 2, and 3

1 only

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The frequency of an x-ray photon is

1. Directly proportional to its wavelength
2. Directly proportional to its energy
3. Inversely proportional to its wavelength
4. Inversely proportional to its energy

A
3 only

B
1 and 4

C
2 and 3

D
2 and 4

c) 2,3

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Which of the following is (are) associated with Compton scattering?

High-energy incident photons
Outer-shell electrons
Characteristic radiation

A
1 only

B
1 and 2 only

C
2 and 3 only

D
1, 2, and 3

b) 1,2

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The positive electrode of the x-ray tube is the

A
capacitor

B
grid

C
cathode

D
anode

d) anode ( think positive, A for anode)

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What is the term used to describe x-ray photon interaction with matter and the transference of part of the photon’s energy to matter?

A
Absorption

B
Scattering

C
Attenuation

D
Divergence

b) scattering

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The Gray may be described as

A
disintegrations per second.

B
ions produced in air.

C
energy deposited in an absorber.

D
biologic effects.

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c) energy deposited in an absober

Which of the following is not considered a somatic effect of radiation exposure?

A
Cataracts

B
Mutation effects in offspring

C
Thyroid cancer

D
Leukemia

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b) mutation effects in offspring

The classifications of acute radiation syndrome include all the following except

A
central nervous system

B
gastrointestinal

C
neonatal

D
hematologic

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c) neonatal

Which of the following methods is used to focus the electrons on the anode target of the x-ray tube?

A
Emitting them separately

B
Focusing them through a narrow port

C
Electrostatic repulsion

D
Using a lens system

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c) electrostatic repulsion

When the radiographer selects kilovoltage on the control panel, which device is adjusted?

A
Step-up transformer

B
Autotransformer

C
Filament circuit

D
Rectifier circuit

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B) autotransformer

The effects of radiation on biologic material depend on several factors. If a quantity of radiation is delivered to a body over a long period of time, the effect A will be greater than if it is delivered all at one time B will be less than if it is delivered all at one time C has no relation to how it is delivered in time D solely depends on the radiation quality

B) will be less that if it is delivered all at one time

A metal added to the cathode filament of an x-ray tube to increase thermionic emission and extend filament life is A aluminum. B molybdenum. C rhenium. D thorium.

d) thorium

If a quantity of radiation is delivered to a body in a single dose, its effect A will be greater than if it were delivered in a number of doses over a long period of time. B will be less than if it were delivered a number of doses over a long period of time. C has no relation to how it is delivered in time. D is solely dependent on the radiation quality.

a) will be greater than if it were delivered in a number of doses over a long period of time

The dose required to cause erythema in 50% of those exposed is roughly A 5 Gy B 10 Gy C 15 Gy D 20 Gy

a) 5GY

Which interaction between x-ray photons and matter results in total absorption of the incident photon? A Photoelectric effect B Compton scattering C Coherent scattering D Pair production

a) photoelectric effect

All diagnostic x-ray photons produced in the x-ray tube have which of the following characteristics? 1. Monoenergetic 2. Ionizing 3. Travel at the speed of light A 1 and 2 only B 1 and 3 only C 2 and 3 only D 1, 2, and 3

c) 2,3

Skin erythema follows a ____________________ dose response relationship. A Stochastic, Non-threshold B Deterministic, Threshold C Stochastic, Threshold D Deterministic, Non-threshold

B) deterministic, Threshold

Which of the following radiographic factors will affect x-ray quantity? Kilovoltage-peak (kVp) Source-image-distance (SID) Beam filtration A 1 only B 2 only C 3 only D 1, 2, and 3

d) 1,2,3

the energy of an L characteristic ray is equal to the A difference in energy between the K and L shells. B difference in energy between the L and M shells. C energy of the incoming electron. D energy of the incoming electron minus the energy of the L shell.

b) difference between L and m

during x-ray production at the target anode, which of the following interactions yields a photon of discrete energy? A Compton production B Bremsstrahlung production C Characteristic production D Pair production

c) characteristic production

Examples of potential late effects of ionizing radiation on humans can include leukemia genetic defects malignant disease A 1 only B 1 and 2 only C 1 and 3 only D 1, 2, and 3

d) 1,2,3

Which interaction between x-ray photons and matter involves partial transfer of the incident photon energy to the involved atom? A Photoelectric effect B Compton scattering C Coherent scattering D Pair production

b) compton scattering

The average energy of a Bremsstrahlung x-ray photon in the x-ray emission spectrum is ______ the kilovoltage-peak (kVp) selected by the radiographer. A one-half of B one-third of C two-thirds of D equal to

B) one third

X-rays within the x-ray beam that do not reach the image receptor during a radiographic exposure of an anatomic part describes which of the following? A Filtration B Attenuation C Off-focus radiation D Leakage radiation

B) attenuation

Which of the following is (are) considered especially radiosensitive tissues? Bone marrow Intestinal crypt cells Erythroblasts A 1 and 2 only B 1 and 3 only C 2 and 3 only D 1, 2, and 3

d) 1,2,3

The target theory applies to A spermatagonia B oocytes C lymphocytes D DNA molecules

D) DNA

A dose of 250 mGy to the fetus during the fourth or fifth week of pregnancy is more likely to cause which of the following: A Spontaneous abortion B skeletal anomalies C neurologic anomalies D organogenesis

B) skeletal anomarlies

Types of secondary radiation include 1. scattered. 2. leakage. 3. primary. A 1 only B 1 and 2 only C 2 and 3 only D 1, 2, and 3

b) 1,2

Which of the following produces a potential difference within the x-ray tube during an exposure? A mA B mAs C Ohms D kVp

D) KVP

Stochastic effects of radiation are those that have a threshold may be described as “all-or-nothing” effects are late effects A 1 only B 1 and 2 only C 2 and 3 only D 1, 2, and 3

c) 2,3

Which of the following cells is the least radiosensitive? A Myelocytes B Myocytes C Megakaryocytes D Erythroblasts

b) myocytes

Somatic effects of radiation refer to effects that are manifested A in the descendants of the exposed individual B during the life of the exposed individual C in the exposed individual and his or her descendants D in the reproductive cells of the exposed individual

Medical and dental radiation accounts for what percentage of the general public's exposure to human-made radiation? A 10% B 50% C 80% D 90%

d) 90

How is the intensity of an x-ray photon affected after each time it scatters? A Its intensity increases 4 times. B Its intensity increases 1000 times. C Its intensity decreases 4 times. D Its intensity decreases 1000 times.

For a given exposure, the amount of scatter radiation produced by a large patient compared to that of a smaller patient is A less than a smaller patient B approximately equal to a smaller patient C slightly less than a smaller patient D more than a smaller patient

safety Flashcards

(49 cards)