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Safety Registry Review > Safety Registry Review > Flashcards

Safety Registry Review Flashcards

1
Q

Ionizing radiation

A

radiation that possess the ability to remove electrons from atoms by a process called ionization

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2
Q

Somatic effects

A

effects of radiation on the body being irradiated

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3
Q

Genetic effects

A

effects of radiation on the genetic code of a cell; affects the next generation

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4
Q

Natural background radiation

A

radiation contained in the unpolluted environment

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5
Q

Artificially produced radiation

A

also called man-made radiation (e.g., medical x-rays)

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6
Q

Primary radiation

A

radiation exiting the tube

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7
Q

Exit radiation (remnant radiation; image producing radiation)

A

x-rays that emerge from the patient and strike the image receptor

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8
Q

Attenuation

A

absorption and scatter (loss of intensity) of the x-ray beam as it passes through the patient

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9
Q

Heterogeneous beam

A

x-ray beam that contains photons of many different energies

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10
Q

Photoelectric effect

A

absorption of x-ray photons in the atoms of the body

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11
Q

Compton effect

A

scatter of x-ray photons from the atom of the body

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12
Q

Air kerma

A

unit of exposure

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13
Q

Gray

A

unit of absorbed dose, measured in joules per kilogram (j/kg); 1 Gy = 1 J/kg

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14
Q

Gray(a)

A

unit of radiation absorbed in air

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15
Q

Gray (t)

A

unit of radiation absorbed in tissue

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16
Q

Sievert

A

unit of effective dose

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17
Q

Sievert

A

unit of equivalent dose

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18
Q

Becquerel

A

unit of activity

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19
Q

National academy of sciences/national research council committee on the biological effects of ionizing radiation (NAS/NRC-BEIR)

A

organization that studies biological effects of ionizing radiation and publishes resulting data

20
Q

International commission on radiologic protection

A

organization that publishes international radiation protection guidelines

21
Q

National council on radiation protection and management (NCRP)

A

organization that publishes radiation protection guidelines for the United States

22
Q

Nuclear regulatory commission (NRC)

A

organization that enforces radiation protection standards at the federal level related to use of radioactive material

23
Q

NCRP Report #102

A

makes recommendations on equipment design and protection regarding lead shielding and fluoroscopic and mobile exposure rates

24
Q

NCRP Report #116

A

defines annual exposure limits; makes recommendations pertaining to risk-benefit analysis of radiation exposure; states that somatic and genetic effects should be kept to a minimum when radiation is used for diagnostic imaging

25
Q

Effective dose limit

A

upper boundary dose that can be absorbed, either in a single exposure or annually, with a negligible risk of somatic or genetic damage to the individual; effective dose implies whole-body radiation exposure

26
Q

Cumulative effective dose

A

lifetime occupational exposure must not exceed the radiographer’s age multiplied by 10 mSv

27
Q

Equivalent dose

A

equal to the effective dose multiplied by the radiation weighting factor

28
Q

As low as reasonably achievable (ALARA)

A

concept of radiologic practice that encourages radiation users to adopt measures that keep the dose to the patient and themselves at minimum levels

29
Q

Dose-response curves

A

graphs that illustrate the relationship between radiation dose and the response of the organism to exposure; may be linear or nonlinear, threshold or nonthreshold

30
Q

Probablistic (stochastic) effects

A

randomly occurring effects of radiation; the probability of such effects is proportional to the dose (increased dose equals increased probability, not severity, of effects)

31
Q

Deterministic effects

A

effects of radiation that become more severe at high level of radiation exposure and do not occur below a certain threshold dose

32
Q

Genetically significant dose (GSD)

A

average annual gonadal dose of radiation to individuals of childbearing age; addresses the relationship of gonadal doses to individuals versus an entire population and the overall effects

33
Q

Linear energy transfer (LET)

A

amount of energy deposited by radiation per unit length of tissue

34
Q

Relative biological effectiveness (RBE)

A

ability to produce biological damage; varies with the LET

35
Q

Direct effect

A

effect that occurs when radiation directly strikes DNA in the cellular nucleus

36
Q

Indirect effect

A

effect that occurs when radiation strikes the water molecules in the cytoplasm of the cell

37
Q

Radiolysis of water

A

effect that occurs as radiation energy is deposited in the water of the cell: a positively charged water molecule (HOH+) and a free electron

38
Q

Mutation

A

erroneous information passed to subsequent generations via cell division

39
Q

Law of Bergonie and Tribondeau

A

cells are most sensitive to radiation when they are immature, undifferentiated, and rapidly dividing

40
Q

Early somatic effects of radiation

A

hematopoietic syndrome; gastrointestinal syndrome; central nervous system syndrome

41
Q

Late somatic effects of radiation

A

carcinogenesis; cataractogenesis; embryologic effects; thyroid dysfunction; life span shortening

42
Q

Cardinal principles of radiation protection

A

distance, time, shielding

43
Q

Distance

A

best protection against radiation exposure

44
Q

Personnel monitoring devices

A

optically stimulated luminescence (OSL) badge, film badge, thermoluminescent dosimeter (TLD)

45
Q

Mean marrow dose

A

average dose of radiation to the bone marrow

Safety Registry Review (1 decks)

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