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psyc122 > safmeds > Flashcards

safmeds Flashcards

1
Q

A procedure by which a previously neutral stimulus comes to elicit a response after it is paired with a stimulus that automatically elicits that response

A

Classical conditioning

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2
Q

The process of teaching a new behaviour by reinforcing closer and closer approximations of the desired response

A

Shaping

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3
Q

The process by which our behaviours transfer to new situations or stimuli that we did not directly learn about

A

Generalisation

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4
Q

Specialized cells in the nervous system that support the integrity of neurons

A

Glia

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5
Q

A factor that varies systematically between experimental conditions, but is not the variable of interest

A

Confound

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6
Q

An experimental design where each participant only takes part in a single experimental condition

A

Between-subjects design

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7
Q

Chemicals secreted by neurons allowing information to be transmitted between cells

A

Neurotransmitter

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8
Q

Brain structures located in the lower side portion of the cortex that are important in audition (hearing) and language

A

Temporal lobes

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9
Q

An extension of the spinal cord, essential to life, controlling vital physiological functions such as heartbeat, circulation, and respiration

A

Medulla

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10
Q

A branch of the autonomic nervous system, typically activated in response to threats to the organisms, which readies the body for ‘fight-or-flight’ reactions

A

Sympathetic nervous system

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11
Q

The ability to remember facts and experiences for longer than a minute

A

Long-term memory

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12
Q

A technique for studying electrical activity occurring in the brain that involves placing electrodes on the scalp

A

Electrocephalography (EEG)

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13
Q

A set of principles that describe how sensory inputs are organised into meaningful patterns

A

Gestalt laws

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14
Q

Visual features of the environment that are used to make inferences about depth

A

Monocular cues

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15
Q

The organisation of changing sensory inputs into percepts that are relatively stable in size, shape and colour

A

Perceptual constancy

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16
Q

The conscious “work-space” used for processing, retrieving, and manipulating information

A

Working memory

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17
Q

Better memory for information that is presented at the beginning and end of a sequence

A

Serial-position effects

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18
Q

A network of brain structures that is active when we are engaged in our own thoughts and reflections

A

Default mode network

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19
Q

The tendency to seek out information that confirms one’s preconceptions

A

Confirmation bias

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20
Q

Those mental processes we engage when deciding how to act in a complex or novel situation where there might be significant immediate rewards or punishments

A

Hot cognitive control

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21
Q

The measurement of electrical signals associated with muscle movements; commonly used to record facial expressions of emotion

A

Electromyography (EMG)

22
Q

An emotion regulation strategy that involves reframing our understanding of a situation or event in order to change our emotional response to it

A

Reappraisal

23
Q

The process of how children interpret actions or events in terms of present ways of understanding

A

Assimilation

24
Q

The fourth stage in Piaget’s theory, beginning from 12 years onwards, where thought and reasoning becomes complex and abstract

A

Formal operational stage

25
Q

A form of logical thinking where children understand that physical properties of objects remain unchanged even when their appearance changes

A

Conservation

26
Q

A statement of the possible relationship between two variables, which is well grounded in what we already know

A

Hypothesis

27
Q

Turning an abstract hypothesis into a concrete form that can be tested in a specific experiment

A

Operationalising

28
Q

The response an experimenter measures to see if the experimental manipulation has had an effect

A

Dependent variable

29
Q

The process whereby a behaviour is made more likely because it is followed by the removal of an aversive stimulus

A

Negative reinforcement

30
Q

The non-delivery of reinforcers maintaining undesirable behaviour

A

Extinction

31
Q

The part of a neuron that includes the nucleus (which contains the genetic material) and other organelles, vital to cell functioning

A

Cell body

32
Q

Protein molecules in cells to which neurotransmitters can bind and pass information to other cells

A

Receptors

33
Q

Chemical secreted by endocrine glands directly into blood stream

A

Hormones

34
Q

Brain structures located in the rear portion of the cortex, involved in vision

A

Occipital lobes

35
Q

The condition that results when the corpus collosum has been surgically cut, blocking communication between the two cerebral hemispheres

A

Split brain

36
Q

A structure deep in the temporal lobes that is crucial for acquiring and retrieving memories for events or experiences

A

Hippocampus

37
Q

A change in electrical activity that occurs following a particular event, that is detectable from electrodes placed on the scalp

A

Event-related potential (ERP)

38
Q

A technique for measuring the structure of the brain or its activity during a particular task

A

Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)

39
Q

Psychophysical law which states that the just noticeable difference between two stimuli is proportional to their intensity

A

Weber’s law

40
Q

Perceptual processing that is driven by our memory or knowledge of the world

A

Top-down processing

41
Q

Old information interfering with the retrieval of new information

A

Proactive interference

42
Q

Superior memory for information rehearsed in sessions spread-out over longer testing intervals

A

Spacing effect

43
Q

Especially vivid memories of exciting or highly important events

A

Flashbulb memories

44
Q

A strategy we use to assess the frequency of an event based on how easy it is to retrieve a similar example from memory

A

Availability heuristic

45
Q

A routine for carrying out a series of actions that develops with repeated experience

A

Script

46
Q

A theory of emotion that asserts that environmental events give rise to physiological responses and subjective feelings simultaneously

A

Cannon-Bard Theory

47
Q

The dimension of emotional experience that ranges from pleasant (or positive) to unpleasant (or negative)

A

Valence

48
Q

A sub-cortical brain structure that is a central component in emotional brain networks

A

Amygdala

49
Q

The third sub-stage in Piaget’s theory. Covering 7 to 11 years, where children show more organized and logical reasoning, but such reasoning remains anchored in real world situation

A

Concrete operational stage

50
Q

Young children tend to focus on their own viewpoint and fail to understand that other people’s thinking can be different to their own

A

Egocentrism

psyc122 (1 decks)

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