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AP Psych > SAFMEDs Ch 4 > Flashcards

SAFMEDs Ch 4 Flashcards

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1
Q

Brain

A
  • Part of the central nervous system
  • Plays a role in every thought, emotion, or action a person has
  • Processes information
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2
Q

Central Nervous System (CNS)

A

-Comprised of the brain and spinal cord

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3
Q

Spinal Cord

A
  • Extends down the medulla oblongata through the center of the vertebral column
  • Carries sensory and motor messages from the brain
  • Enclosed in protective meninges
  • Surrounded by cerebrospinal fluid
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4
Q

Autonomic Nervous System (ANS)

A
  • Controls involuntary functions
  • Think automatic
  • Breathing, blood pumping, digesting, etc.
  • Divided into the sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous systems
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5
Q

Parasympathetic Nervous System

A
  • The default condition of the ANS
  • Reduce, digest and relax
  • Decreases blood sugar, decreases heart rate, increases blood flow to digestive organs
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6
Q

Sympathetic Nervous System

A
  • Emergency response system
  • Fight, flight or freeze
  • Increased heart rate, adrenaline is released, muscle tension increases
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7
Q

Peripheral Nervous System (PNS)

A
  • Nerves outside the brain and spinal cord
  • Connects the CNS to the rest of the body
  • Divided into two subsystems: somatic nervous system, autonomic nervous system
  • Signals from the brain travel along the motor pathway
  • Signals from sensory receptors travel the sensory pathway
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8
Q

Somatic Nervous System

A
  • Voluntary movement
  • Signals travel from brain to skeletal muscles
  • Walking, jumping, waving
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9
Q

Arachnoid mater

A
  • Middle layer of meninges

- Spide web adjacent

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10
Q

Broca’s area

A

-Moves the muscles to create speech

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11
Q

Cerebrospinal fluid

A
  • Surrounds the brain

- Cushions ans protects

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12
Q

Dura mater

A
  • The outermost layer of meninges

- “tough mother”

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13
Q

Meninges

A
  • The three layers of covering that protect the brain

- Dura, arachnoid, pia

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14
Q

Cerebral cortex

A
  • Cerebrum
  • Outer layer of the brain
  • comprised of ridges
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15
Q

Cerebral hemispheres

A
  • The brain is split into two hemispheres
  • Left brain vs right brain
  • Smilar but not symmetrical
  • Control the opposite side of the body
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16
Q

Cerebrospinal fluid

A
  • Surrounds the brain

- Cushions and protects

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17
Q

Cerebrum

A
  • Cerebral cortex
  • Outer layer of the brain
  • Comprised of ridges
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18
Q

Corpus Callosum

A
  • connects the two hemispheres
  • bundle of nerve fibers
  • “tough body”
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19
Q

Paul Broca

A
  • Studied patients who lost the ability to speak

- Broca’s area

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20
Q

Carl Wernicke

A
  • Studied patients who lost the ability to understand language
  • Wernicke’s area
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21
Q

Ablation

A
  • The process of removing or destroying brain tissue

- Used to remove “undesirable” characteristics

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22
Q

Deep brain stimulation

A
  • Less invasive procedure
  • Alter behavioral symptoms
  • Insert an electrode on brainstem
  • Used to treat: epilepsy, parkinson’s tremors, tourettes, acute depression
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23
Q

Hemispherectomy

A
  • Used to treat behavioral disorders or illnesses
  • Used to control seizures
  • Remove one half of the brain
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24
Q

Prefrontal lobotomy

A
  • Disconnecting the prefrontal cortex

- Uses ablation to control behavior

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25
Transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS)
- Non-invasive - Alters brain activity - Used to treat depression - Electromagnetic wand alters magnetic field and how the brain processes emotions & moods
26
X-Rays
-scans that show bones and other solid structures within the body
27
Electroencephalography/ electroencephalogra, (EEG)
- measures electrical activity in the brain | - electrodes are attached to a person's scalp to record electrical waves produced during varying states of consciousness
28
Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI)
- magnetic field and radio wave pulses generate images of soft tissue - used for: tumors, ligament injuries, aneurysms, strokes, inner ear and eye disorders, etc.
29
Functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI)
- uses magnetic resonance to visualize blood flow and oxygen metabolization - infer brain activity - 3D activation maps of the brain
30
Computerized axial tomography (CT or CAT scan)
- 2D x-ray photographs from various angles are compiled to represent a part of the body in 3D - Examines bones, soft tissue and blood simultaneously - Commonly used in emergency situations for efficiency
31
Positron emission tomography (PET scan)
- visualize slices of the brain - radioactive tracer is injected in a person's bloodstream - travels similarly to glucose - The tracer's path is tracked via positrons (charged particles)
32
Endocrine System
- sends signals by passing hormones through the bloodstream - slow acting, longer lasting effects - Raises and lowers blood sugar, indicates hunger vs fullness, sex drive, metabolism, sleep
33
Hormones
-secreted by different parts of the body and select parts of the brain
34
Hypothalamus
- signals the pituitary gland - coordinates the autonomic nervous system - body temperature, thirst, hunger, sleep, emotional activity
35
Pituitary Gland
- "master gland" - sends signals to other glands which then release their own hormones - lactation - regulates stress, growth and development
36
Gigantism
- excessive growth hormone - excessive growth and height - can lead to acromegaly
37
Acromegaly
- excessive growth hormone - deadly - visible swelling of soft tissue
38
Pituitary dwarfism
- not enough growth hormone is released during development - grows very slowly - normal proportions - notably shorter than average
39
Thyroid gland
- secretes: thyroxine - regulates: metabolism - increases the oxygen needed by tissues, organs and cells to prevent atrophy - Thyroid disorders can be detected with a blood test - Damage can lead to: poor sleep, depression, fatigue, dry skin and hair, sensisitivity to cold and joint/muscle pain
40
Pineal gland
- melatonin master | - regulates sleep and body rhythms
41
Adrenal glands
- rests above the kidneys - releases: adrenaline - regulates: arousal
42
Gonads
- responsible for the development of sex characteristics - responsible for sex typical behaviors - androgens, estrogen, progesterone
43
Sulci
- the peaks in the folded tissue of the cerebrum
44
Gyri
-the valleys in the folded tissue of the cerebrum
45
Lobes
- cerebral cortex is split into 4 lobes | - frontal, parietal, temporal, occipital
46
Frontal lobe
- "command central" - responsible for decision-making, problem solving, reaoning, planning, personality, language - Motivation and willpower
47
Motor Cortex
- part of the frontal lobe | - controls voluntary movement
48
Parietal lobe
- processes sensory signals | - touch, pressure, temperature, pain
49
Somatosensory Cortex
-esponsible for receiving and processing sensory information from across the body
50
Occipital lobe
- processes visual stimuli | - coordinates vision
51
Visual association cortex
- recognizes lines, angles, shapes, movements and shadows
52
Temporal lobe
- processes auditory stimuli - auditory memory - melody and tonal changes
53
Wernicke's area
-spoken and written language comprehension
54
Brain stem
- oldest part of the brain | - connects the cerebrum of the brain to the spinal cord and cerebellum
55
Medulla oblongata
- regulates heart rate, respiration, digestion, swallowing, sneezing - damage results in DEATH
56
Pons
- mass of nerve fibers - sends information from the brainstem to the cerebellum - 4 of the cranial nerves control facial movement (teeth, tongue, jaw, eyes, lower face)
57
Midbrain
- located above the pons - vision, movement, hearing, muscle coordination - point guard of the brain (assist)
58
Cerebellum
- "little brain" | - fine motor control, posture, coordination, balance
59
Reticular formation
-network of nerves
60
Reticular activating system (RAS)
- responsibility to regulate the sleep-wake cycle | - damage results in an irreversible coma
61
Limbic system
- rests on top of the brain stem - mammalian brain - contains the thalamus, hippocampus, amygdala, fornix, hypothalamus - processes emotions such as: joy, happiness, excitement, pleasure, fear, anger, desperation, nervousness
62
Thalamus
- relay station between brain stem and the cortex - sensory signals are sent from the sense organs to the thalamus - information is ultimately processed in the lobes of the cerebral cortex
63
Hippocampus
- turns information into long term memories - recalling facts and events - spacial perception
64
Amygdala
- processes emotion and survival responses | - fight, flight, or freeze
65
Nucleus accumbens
- major input structure of the basal ganglia | - integrates information from cortical and limbic structures to mediate goal-directed behaviors
66
Lateral hypothalamus (LH)
- regulates hunger | - if removed or damaged the person will not experience hunger
67
Ventromedial hypothalamus (VMH)
- regulates satiety | - damage results in hyperphagia: eating beyond what their body needs
68
Nucleus
- a bundle of cells that work together | - "brain"
69
Brain lateralization | hemispheric specialization
- each side of the brain performs specific functions | - the brain's processing capacity can be increased by interaction between these two processors
70
"split brain"
- when the two hemispheres of the brain cannot communicate | - each hemisphere acts independently
71
Roger Sperry
- split brain research | - neuroscientist
72
Michael Gazzaniga
- split brain research - left brain interpreter phenomenon - neuroscientist
73
Neuroplasticity
- the reorganization of neural pathways as a result of experience - stronger when we are younger and reduces with age - how young children who have half a brain removed are able to recover
74
Association areas
- a region of the cortex of the brain which connects sensory and motor areas - concerned with higher mental activities - a patient with a lesion in the parietal-temporal-occipital association area has an agraphia, which means he is unable to write although he has no deficits in motor skills
75
Hemispheres
-either the left or the right half of the cerebrum
76
Hemisphere specialization
- the differential role of the left or right brain side in processing a specific neuronal task or behavior
77
Agnosia
- inability to interpret sensations and hence to recognize things - result of brain damage
78
Electrode
- an instrument with a positive-pole cathode and a negative-pole anode used to stimulate biological tissues electrically or record electrical activity in these tissues
79
Autopsy
-a postmortem examination to discover the cause of death or the extent of disease
80
Reflex arc
- a neural pathway that controls a reflex - most sensory neurons do not pass directly into the brain, but synapse in the spinal cord - allows for faster reflex actions to occur by activating spinal motor neurons without the delay of routing signals through the brain

AP Psych (20 decks)

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