Saladin Ch24: Water, Electrolyte, and Acid-Base Balance Flashcards
(168 cards)
1
Q
Where are the largest quantities of water found in the body?
A
ICF (intracellular fluid)
2
Q
What is water loss through respiring (breathe) and cutaneous transpiration? How much water is lost through this each day?
A
Insensible water loss; 700mL/day
3
Q
What is the dominant cation that creates both an osmotic and electrical gradient, and influences water and Cl- homeostasis?
A
sodium
4
Q
What is the cation that is in high concentration in the ICF and imbalances are the most dangerous of electrolytes
A
Potassium
5
Q
What involves rehydration of blood to inhibit thirst long-term?
A
blood osmolarity
6
Q
What has the most powerful influence over the pH balance of the ICF because of concentrations in cells?
A
protein buffers
7
Q
What works with the respiratory system to expel carbon dioxide and the kidneys to excrete bicarbonate and hydrogen ions?
A
bicarbonate buffer system
8
Q
What type of water loss results from sweat, urine formation, fecal moisture, breath and cutaneous transpiration, and how much water is lost through this?
A
obligatory water loss, 400mL /day
9
Q
This physiological buffer system works the fastest, but limited by quantity
A
Respiratory system
10
Q
This physiological buffer system buffers the largest quantity, but is limited by time
A
urinary system
11
Q
Passive anion strongly attracted to sodium and potassium, most abundant anion in teh ECF
A
chloride ions
12
Q
Condition that lowers blood volume and blood pressure and leads to an increase in blood osmolarity
A
Dehydration
13
Q
condition of excess fluid sequestration, usually in interstitial spaces
A
Edema
14
Q
The “salt retaining hormone” that causes increased sodium and decreased potassium to be reabsorbed
A
aldosterone
15
Q
Major cation that influences muscle contractions, second messenger systems, exocytosis, and blood clotting
A
calcium
16
Q
Anion compounds found concentrated in the ICF; components of nucleic acids plasma membrane, and ATP
A
phosphates
17
Q
Compounds placed in water will ionize freely and release H+ in solution
A
acids
18
Q
Compounds placed in water will ionize freely and release OH- or take up excess H+
A
Bases
19
Q
Water ingested as food and drink
A
preformed water
20
Q
Water formed as a by-product of aerobic respiration metabolism and dehydration synthesis reactions
A
metabolic water
21
Q
The digestive tract is made up of
A
Oral cavity, pharynx, esophagus, stomach, small intestine, large intestine
22
Q
The accessory digestive organs include
A
Teeth, tongue, salivary glands, liver, gallbladder, and pancreas
23
Q
Ingestion takes place when
A
materials enter the oral cavity. An active process involving conscious choice and decision making
24
Q
The crushing and shearing that makes materials easier to propel along the digestive tract. Increases surface area to make more susceptible to enzymes
A
mechanical processing
25
Digestion refers to
the chemical breakdown of food into small organic fragments
26
Secretion refers to
the release of water, acids, enzymes, buffers, and salt by teh epithelium of the digestive tract and glandular organs
27
Absorption refers to
The movement of molecules across the digestive epithelium and into the interstitial fluid of the digestive tract
28
excretion refers to
removal of wates from the body
29
The digestive epithelium and its secretions provide a ____ defense against bacteria
nonspecific
30
The abdominopelvic cavity contains the ___ cavity
peritoneal
31
A swelling of the abdomen caused by an increase in peritoneal fluids is
ascites
32
Mesenteries serve to....
Provide a route for blood vessels, nerves, and lymphatic tissues and also stabilize the position of the attached organs
33
After embryonic development, the ventral mesentery becomes the
lesser omentum - between stomach and liver
| falciform ligament - between liver and anterior abdominal wall
34
The lesser omentum functions by
stabilizing the stomach and provides an acces route for vessels leaving the liver
35
The falciform ligament functions by
Stabilizing the liver relative to the diaphragm and abdominal wall
36
Peritonitis is
An inflammation of the peritoneal membrane. Can be caused by rupture of the appendix
37
The greater omentum hangs like an ______ from the ______ and ______ borders of the stomach
Apron, lateral, inferior
38
" Beer belly" is an accumulation of fat in the
Greater omentum
39
All but the first 25 cm of the small intestine is suspended by the
Mesentery proper
40
The pancreas and duodenum are ______ because they lie posterior to the peritoneal cavity
Retroperitoneal
41
The mesocolon is associated with
A portion of the large intestine
42
During normal development the mesocolon fuses which structures to the posterior body wall?
Ascending colon, descending colon, and rectum making them retroperitoneal
43
The four layers of the digestive tract from deep to superficial are
Mucosa
Submucosa
Muscularis externa
Serosa
44
What is the function of enteroendocrine cells?
Secreting hormones that coordinate the activities of the digestive tract and accessory glands
45
The mucosal epithelium is either
Simple or stratified
46
A simple columnar epithelium is located where
Absorption occurs
47
Blood vessels, sensory nerve endings, lymphatic vessels, secretory cells of mucous glands, and smooth muscle cells are located in the
Lamina propria
48
The network of intrinsic nerve fibers and scattered neurons make up the
Submucosal plexus
49
The enteric nervous system is primarily innervated by the
Parasympathetic division of the ANS
50
The serosa is absent in the
Oral cavity, pharynx, esophagus and rectum. Replaces by the adventitia
51
The muscular layers of the digestive tract consist of _______ muscle tissue
Visceral smooth
52
Pacesetter cells are located in the
Muscularis mucosae and the muscularis externa.
53
Segmentation is the
Churning and fragmenting of the bolus that mixes the contents with intestinal secretions
54
The superior surface of the tongue and the opposing surface of the hard palate are covered by a
Layer of keratinized cells to protect against abrasion
55
The mucosa inferior to the tongue is thin enough and vascular to permit
Rapid absorption of lipid soluble drugs such as Nitroglycerin
56
The lingual papilllae is located on the
Dorsum of the body of the tongue
57
Ducts from two pairs of salivary glands open on either side of the
Lingual Frenulum
58
Ankyloglossia is
An overly restrictive lingual frenulum that prevents normal eating or speach
59
Lingual lipase functions by
Beginning lipid digestion in the mouth and continuing in the stomach (Specifically triglycerides)
60
The large extrinsic tongue muscles perform
All gross movements of the tongue
61
The smaller intrinsic tongue muscles function by
Changing the shape of the tongue and assisting in precise movements such as speech
62
Intrinsic and extrinsic tongue muscles are under the control of the _____ cranial nerves.
Hypoglossal
63
Salivary amylase is secret by the _____ salivary glands
Parotid
64
The _____ salivary glands produce a mucous secretion that acts as a buffer and lubricant
Sublingual
65
The _____ salivary glands secrete a mixture of buffers, glycoproteins (mucins) , and salivary amylase.
Submandibular. Empties on either side of the lingual frenulum
66
The salivary glands produce _____ liters of saliva each day
1.0-1.5
67
Buffers in saliva keep the pH of the mouth near
7.0
68
Which antibody does saliva contain?
IgA
69
Salivary amylase functions by
Beginning the digestion of of complex carbohydrates
70
The receptors stimulated in the salivary reflex are monitored by
V, VII, IX, X
71
The bulk of each tooth consists of a mineralized matrix called
Dentin (Does not contain cells)
72
Cytoplasmic processes extend into the dentin from the
Pulp cavity
73
The pulp cavity receives blood vessels and nerves through the
Root canal
74
Blood vessels and nerves enter the root canal through the
Apical foramen
75
The dentin of the root is covered by
Cementum
76
The dentin of the crown is covered by
Enamel
77
Enamel contains ______ which is the hardest biologically manufactured substance
Calcium phosphate in crystalline form
78
Incisors are important for
Clipping or cutting. Single root.
79
Cuspids are important for
Tearing and slashing. Single root
80
Bicupids are important for
Crushing, mashing, and grinding. One or two roots
81
Molars are important for
Crushing and grinding. Two or three roots
82
The first teeth to form during development are
Deciduous teeth
83
What is the teeth count of children and adults?
Children- 20
| Adults- 32
84
Occlusal surfaces are
Biting surfaces
85
The oropharynx and laryngopharynx are lined by
A stratified squamous epithelium
86
The pharyngeal constrictor muscles function by
Pushing the bolus toward and into the esophagus
87
The palatopharyngeus and stylopharyngess muscles function by
Elevating the larynx
88
The palatal muscles function by
Elevating the soft palate and adjacent portions of the pharyngeal wall
89
The esophagus begins posterior to the
Cricoid cartilage at C6
90
The opening in the diaphragm that accommodates the esophagus is the
Esophageal hiatus
91
Swallowing is also known as
Deglutition
92
Swallowing information is relayed to the swallowing center of the medulla oblongata by way of the
V and IX cranial nerves
93
The esophagus is an unusual portion of the digestive tract because
It contains skeletal muscle cells along most of the length and has an adventitia rather than a serosa.
94
______ cells of the stomach secrete intrinsic factor
Parietal. Needed for absorption of B12 in small intestine
95
The smallest part of the stomach is the
Cardia
96
The fundus of the stomach is the portion that
Is superior to the junction of the esophagus and stomach. Contacts the inferior posterior portion of the diaphragm
97
The body of the stomach is the ______ region and acts as a
Largest, mixing tank.
98
The ______ secretes gastrin, a hormone that stimulates gastric glands.
Pylorus
99
Mucous cells in the stomach are located within
Gastric pits
100
Vitamin B12 absorption is crucial for
Normal erythropoiesis
101
Hydrochloric acid is secreted by
Parietal cells of the stomach
102
Pepsinogen is secreted by
Chief cells and converted to pepsin by acid in the gastric lumen
103
Rennin and gastric lipase are secreted in the stomach of infants and are important for
Digestion of milk
104
An increase in gherlin levels causes
Hunger
105
The small intestine is about _______ m in length
6
106
Which portion of the small intestine curves in a "c" around the pancreas?
The duodenum
107
The bulk of chemical digestion and nutrient absorption occurs in which part of the small intestine?
The jejunum
108
The primary blood vessels of the small intestine are the
Superior mesenteric artery and superior mesenteric vein
109
Lacteals in the small intestine villi transport materials that
Cannot enter blood capillaries. (Absorbed fatty acids)
110
At the bases of villi are entrances to
Intestinal glands
111
Duodenal glands secrete a mucus that functions by
Protecting the epithelium from acidic chyme and releasing bicarbonate ions that increases the pH of chyme
112
Peyer's patches of the ileum are lymphoid nodules that protect the
Small intestine from bacteria that inhabit the large intestine
113
The duodenal glands provide protection before food arrives by secreting during the ______ phase
Cephalic
114
The gastroenteric and gastroileal relflexes _________ local peristalsis and segmentation
Speed up
115
The enterogastric reflex _______ local peristalsis and segmentation
Slows down
116
The pancreas extends laterally from the
Duodenum towards the spleen
117
The ____ of the pancreas lies within the loop formed by the duodenum as it leaves the pylorus
Head
118
Arterial blood reaches the pancreas from the
Splenic, superior mesenteric, and common hepatic arteries
119
The pancreas is primarily an_______ organ
Exocrine
120
The large pancreatic duct delivers digestive enzymes and buffers to the
Duodenum
121
The pancreatic duct meets the ______ from the gallbladder and liver and empties into the duodenal ampulla
Common bile duct
122
An example of a compound tubuloalveolar gland is the
Pancreas
123
Pancreatic islets are scattered among the
Pancreatic acini
124
The secretion of pancreatic juice is controlled by the
Hormones of the duodenum
125
Carbohydrase released by the pancreas is almost identical to
Salivary amylase
126
_____ enzymes account for about 70 percent of total pancreatic enzyme production
Protelytic
127
The two types of proteolytic enzymes are
Proteases- breaks down large proteins
| Peptidases- breaks down small peptide chains
128
The largest visceral organ is the
Liver
129
The left and right lobes of the liver are marked by the
Falciform ligament
130
The round ligament makes the path of the
Umbilical vein
131
Afferent blood cells and other structures reach the liver by traveling within the
Lesser omentum and converging at the porta hepatitis
132
Nearly one third of the blood supply to the liver is arterial blood from the
Hepatic artery proper
133
Circulating levels of nutrients are adjusted through selective absorption and secretion by the
Hepatocytes
134
Kuppfer cells function by
Engulfing pathogens, cell debris, and damaged RBCs. Also store iron, lipids, and some heavy metals. Located in the liver sinusoids.
135
Each portal area contains which three structures?
A branch of the hepatic portal vein
A branch of the hepatic artery proper
A small branch of the bile duct
136
The liver secretes a fluid called
Bile
137
What is the path of bile from the liver?
```
Bile canaliculi
Bile ductules
Right and left hepatic ducts
Common hepatic duct
Common bile duct (duodenum) or cystic duct (gallbladder)
```
138
The common bile duct is formed by the union of the
Cystic duct and common hepatic duct
139
The three categories of liver function are
Metabolic regulation
Hematological regulation
Bile production
140
The primary organ involved in regulating the composition of circulating blood is the
Liver
141
The synthesis of glucose from other compounds is called
Gluconeogenesis
142
Most lipids absorbed by the digestive tract bypass the
Hepatic portal circulation
143
Ammonia is formed from
Deamination in the liver which occurs when breaking down or converting amino acids
144
Which fat soluble vitamins are stored in the liver?
A,D,E,K and B12
145
The largest blood reservoir in the body is the
Liver
146
Bile salts break down lipid droplets in a process called
Emulsification
147
The gallbladder functions by
Storing and concentration bile prior to its excretion into the small intestine
148
CCK is released when chyme enters the duodenum which triggers the release of bile from the_______ and relaxing the ______ sphincter
Gallbladder
| Hepatopancreatic
149
CCK release increases markedly when there are high levels of _____ in chyme
Lipids
150
When bile becomes too concentrated in the gallbladder, crystals of insoluble minerals and salts begin to form ______
Gallstones
151
The resident bacteria of the large intestine are sources of which vitamins?
K, Biotin, and B5
152
The three parts of the large intestine are the
Cecum, colon, rectum
153
The appendix connects to the
Posteromedial surface of the cecum
154
Haustra are pouches of the colon that act to
Expand and elongate
155
Teniae coli are longitudinal bands of smooth muscle
Creates the haustra with its muscle tone
156
Omental appendices are
Teardrop shaped sacs of fat in the colon
157
The right colic flexure marks the end of the _____ and the beginning of the
Ascending colon, transverse colon
158
The left colic flexure marks the beginning of the
Descending colon
159
The descending colon becomes the sigmoid colon at the
Sigmoid flexure
160
The _____ anal sphincter is not under voluntary control
Internal anal sphincter
161
The _____ anal sphincter is under voluntary control
External anal sphincter
162
Stool is given its brown/yellow color from the conversion of
Urobilins and stercobilins
163
The digestion of complex carbs requires
Salivary amylase and pancreatic alpha-amylase.
164
The most important and abundant dietary lipids are
Triglycerides
165
Pepsin functions by
Breaking peptide bonds within a polypeptide chain (proteins)
166
Dipeptidases function by
Breaking short peptide chains into individual amino acids
167
The rate of sodium ion absorption of the digestive tract is increased by
Aldosterone
168
What are the nutrients the body requires?
Carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, vitamins, minerals, and water
