Salem

Question 1

How were English connection and interest in America long rooted?

Answer 1

1583 - Sir Humphrey Gilbert formally claimed Newfoundland as England’s first overseas colony
First major attempt at a colony on the mainland was at Roanoke in Virginia by Sir Walter Raleigh in 1585
1606 - England divided America into North Virginia (New England, for merchants and fishermen from Plymouth) and South Virginia (investors and settlers from London)
- Second group established the first colony at Jamestown in 1607
- 1520 - Protestants moved to North Virginia and agreed to form a ‘civic body politic’

Question 2

When was England’s first overseas colony claimed? What was it? By who?

Answer 2

1583
Sir Humphrey Gilbert
Newfoundland

Question 3

What as the first major attempt at a colony on the mainland? When? By who?

Answer 3

Roanoke in Virginia by Sir Walter Raleigh in 1585

Question 4

When did England divide America into North and South Virginia?

Answer 4

1606

Question 5

What did English colonists in North Virginia sign in 1520?

Answer 5

The Mayflower Compact

Question 6

What was the Mayflower Compact? When was it signed? Who was the leader? What did it create? Until when did it remain in effect? Who signed it?

Answer 6

Signed by English colonists on 11th November 1520
First written framework of government established in the US
William Bradford - pilgrim leader - wanted to ensure the rules of Pilgrims were followed
Male heads of Pilgrim and non-Pilgrim families drew up the compact that bound all signers
Created a ‘civil body politic’
Remained in effect until Plymouth was incorporated into the Dominion of New England in 1686 and the Massachusetts Bay Colony in 1691
Established a theocracy

Question 7

Who was the leader of the Pilgrims during the signing of the Mayflower Compact?

Answer 7

William Bradford

Question 8

When was Plymouth incorporated into the Dominion of New England?

Answer 8

1686

Question 9

Did the mayflower compact focus more on God or government?

Answer 9

God

Question 10

What was the impact of the English Civil War in the 1640s?

Answer 10

More refugees left England when Charles I began his Catholicising process of the Anglican Church - the king granted them a royal charter to formally establish the colony of Massachusetts
ECW disrupted trade between Americas and Europe which was then filled by Dutch traders from the Caribbean . Americans began to build their own ship to trade food for sugar with English colonies in the Caribbean. This pushed out some smaller land holders in the Caribbean so they moved to American colonies - 2,000 settlers moved from Barbados to Virginia in the 1540s
A lot of sympathy for Parliament especially in the New England Protestant/Puritan colonies but Virginia tried to stay neutral which alienated some Puritans which encouraged them to move to find more like minded people
Governor of Virginia swore allegiance to Charles I’s son after he as executed which led to the English gov establishing the Navigation Acts

Question 11

How did the colonies adapt to the English Civil War disrupting trade?

Answer 11

filled by Dutch traders from the Caribbean . Americans began to build their own ship to trade food for sugar with English colonies in the Caribbean. This pushed out some smaller land holders in the Caribbean so they moved to American colonies - 2,000 settlers moved from Barbados to Virginia in the 1540s

Question 12

How many settlers moved from Barbados to Virginia in the 1540s?

Answer 12

2,000

Question 13

What event led to the Navigation acts being established?

Answer 13

Governor of Virginia swore allegiance to Charles I’s son after he was executed

Question 14

What were the navigation acts?

Answer 14

Imposed by the English government after the governor of Virginia declared allegiance to Charles II
Forbade the use of foreign ships to carry trade between England and the colonies - or between the colonies
Sent a fleet out to control rebellious Royalist Caribbean enclaves and Virginia. This blockaded the Virginian coastline in 1651/52
Parliament directly ruled Virginia throughout the 1650s but allowed Virginians to continue to elect their own officeholders

Question 15

When did an English fleet blockade the Virginian coastline?

Answer 15

1651/52

Question 16

How was Virginia affected by the return to the Crown?

Answer 16

1660 - Charles II was reinstated and crowned
Massachusetts fell into dispute over it
New king was interested in colonial affairs and reinstated the Navigation acts. He gave the colonies a monopoly for their tobacco and exports to England in return for only using English ships. He also implied that England would be able to defend the colonies from other European nations
War broke out with Holland in 1664 which did not go well for England but did impact the colonies. They acquired the colony of New Amsterdam which they renamed New York
James II succeeded Charles II and was more overtly Catholic. He tried to combine New England into one dominion but this was short-lived as he was replaced by William of Orange, a staunch Protestant, in 1688
By the 1690s, most of the colonies’ borders had been defined

Question 17

In what year was Charles II reinstated and crowned?

Answer 17

1660

Question 18

How did Charles II change the Navigation acts?

Answer 18

He gave the colonies a monopoly for their tobacco and exports to England in return for only using English ships. He also implied that England would be able to defend the colonies from other European nations

Question 19

In what year did war break out between England and Holland? How did this influence the colonies?

Answer 19

1664
They acquired the colony of New Amsterdam which they renamed New York

Question 20

Who succeeded Charles II? Was he Catholic or Protestant? What did he try to do? Who was he replaced with?

Answer 20

James II succeeded Charles II and was more overtly Catholic. He tried to combine New England into one dominion but this was short-lived as he was replaced by William of Orange, a staunch Protestant, in 1688

Question 21

When and who replaced James II?

Answer 21

1688 - William of Orange

Question 22

By when had most of the colonies’ borders been defined?

Answer 22

1690s

Question 23

What was the relationship between the colonies like?

Answer 23

The colonies were the highest standard of living in the world - cheap land and abundant natural resources
Colonies traded very little with each other - most goods were produced in England
- The colonies remained quite distinctive
- Enabled Massachusetts to remain controlled by religious tolerance and superstition
- Southern states implemented the English hierarchical social system which allowed them to become heavy users and defenders of slavery

Question 24

What enabled the colonies to be quite distinctive and for Massachusetts to remain a place of religious intolerance and superstition?

Answer 24

They traded very little with each other

Question 25

What was the relationship with the native tribes and the French like?

Answer 25

Tense In Virginia and Massachusetts, there were serious struggles in the 1670s but the Natives were not too concerned with losing rights to land as long as they had more land further West Competitive nature of the tribes was used by the colonies in frontier wars with the French - both the French and British employed Native Americans as guides, interpreters and used them in combat French were spreading from the North (along the St. Lawrence river) and South (from the Mississippi river). Colonists felt threatened by them and began to associate them with a religious and political evil. The Native tribes were also drawn into these fears The largely Protestant/Puritan areas may have become more extreme and controlling in response to this

Question 26

In what decade were there serious struggles with the Native Americans in Virginia and Massachusetts?

Answer 26

1670s

Question 27

What superstitious practices were brought to New England?

Answer 27

Counter charms - ring of salt to ward off evil, milk to please the spirits Witch cake - revealed whether witchcraft was afflicting a person with symptoms of illness Herbal potions A farmer in New Haven cut off the ears and tail off his live pig and burned them to stop the rest of his pigs dying Astrology - Katherine Harrison of Connecticut was taken to court for this Venus glass was used for fortune telling

Question 28

Who was taken to court for astrology? Where was she from?

Answer 28

Katherine Harrison of Connecticut

Question 29

Were witches commonly executed in New England before 1692?

Answer 29

Only 80 to 100 cases had been heard in the previous 50 years and only 25% led to executions First official witch to be executed was Alyse Young - 1647/1648 Connecticut Some witches were hanged but many more were whipped, fined or exiled Most accusations were made against those who were the focus of resentment or long-term suspicion Mainly a fear of maleficum Reason for the small number of accusations - Justices of Peace were reluctant to initiate hunts

Question 30

How many cases had been heard in the previous 50 yeas before 1692?

Answer 30

80 to 100

Question 31

what % of cases before 1692 led to executions?

Answer 31

25%

Question 32

who was the first official witch to be executed in New England? When?

Answer 32

Alyse Young - 1647-1648

Question 33

Why was there a small number of accusations before 1692?

Answer 33

Justices of Peace were reluctant to initiate hunts

Question 34

Describe a memorable case prior to 1692?

Answer 34

Boston - Goodwin possessions - 1688 4 of John Goodwin’s children were affected The accused was an Irish washerwoman, Goodwife Glover, who apparently swore at one of the children - she was an outsider as she was Catholic, a low status washerwoman, elderly, single, poor, mostly only spoke Gaelic and had a bit of an attitude A doctor, Thomas Oakes, concluded that only witchcraft could be to blame After Glover’s execution, the children continued to have fits so one of the children, Martha was taken to Reverend Cotton Mather’s home. At his home, she vomited weird balls the size of eggs and would writhe and howl when the Bible was read out The possessions seemed to break by November 1688 and Martha thought she was dying in her final fit

Question 35

Who were the key people in the Boston 1688 hunt? (the afflicted, the doctor, the reverend, the accused?)

Answer 35

afflicted - 4 children of John Goodwin doctor - Thomas Oakes reverend - Cotton Mather accused - Goodwife Glover

Question 36

Why was Goodwife Glover an outsider?

Answer 36

she was an outsider as she was Catholic, a low status washerwoman, elderly, single, poor, Irish, mostly only spoke Gaelic and had a bit of an attitude

Question 37

Who was increase mather?

Answer 37

1639-1723 Puritan clergyman Wrote Remarkable Providences which demonstrated his interest in witchcraft Wrote Cases of Conscience Concerning Evil Spirits in 1692 - defended judges and trials but expressed words of caution

Question 38

who was cotton mather?

Answer 38

1663-1728 Puritan clergyman Helped lead the revolt of 1689 against Sir Edmund Andros Wrote the Wonders of the Invisible World in 1693 Wrote the Memorable Providences relating to Witchcrafts and Possessions - played an important role in the Salem witch-craze and the manner in which authorities dealt with accusations

Question 39

2 books written by Cotton Mather?

Answer 39

Wonders of the Invisible World Memorable Providences relating to Witchcrafts and Possessions

Question 40

Who wrote Memorable Providences relating to Witchcrafts and Possessions? What is the relevance of this book?

Answer 40

Cotton Mather played an important role in the Salem witch-craze and the manner in which authorities dealt with accusations