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Saliva Flashcards

(115 cards)

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1
Q

what is dry mouth called?

A

xerostomia

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2
Q

what are the effects of having a lack of saliva?

A
  • rampant caries
  • no buffering
  • no control of caries
  • oral thrush (candida infection)
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3
Q

what are the main causes of xerostomia?

A
  • disease of the salivary glands
  • medications
  • cancer therapies
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4
Q

what diseases can cause xerostonia?

A
  • Sjogrens syndrome (autoimmune disease causing parotid and submandibular gland dysfunction)
  • undiagnosed diabetes
  • neurological sialotrophic infections (eg HIV and Hep C)
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5
Q

how can can cancer therapies cause xerostonia?

A
  • radiation can damage cells, Serous acinar cells are the most sensitive.
  • chemo can change flow rate + composition. Immunosuppression affects salivary immunoglobulin content.
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6
Q

How can saliva be stimulated/replaced topically?

A
  • sugar-free gum/sweets.
  • artificial salivary substitutes
  • water-based gels
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7
Q

How can saliva be stimulated/replaced systemically?

A

-medications (cholinergic agonists providing parasympathetic stimulation)

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8
Q

what components does saliva have that gives it antimicrobial factors?

A
  • Lysozymes
  • Immunoglobulins
  • Lactoferrin
  • Complement Factors
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9
Q

what components does saliva have that enables it to protect soft tissues?

A
  • growth factors

- lactoperoxidase

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10
Q

what components does saliva have that enables it to protect hard tissues?

A
  • buffers
  • fluoride ions
  • pellicle proteins
  • other antibacterial factors
  • pH rise factors (Sialin)
  • Calcium
  • phosphate
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11
Q

what is saliva derived from?

A
  • major glands
  • minor glands
  • crevicular fluid exudate
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12
Q

the contribution of saliva for each is source is dependent on what different factors?

A
  • time of day
  • age
  • health status
  • medication
  • flow rate
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13
Q

which gland contributes the most saliva?

A

submandibular

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14
Q

what happens to flow rate at night?

A

decreases

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15
Q

why does saliva clear the lower teeth more than upper teeth?

A

due to submandibular gland ducts positioning.

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16
Q

what are buffers?

A

molecules that resist (slow down) pH changes.

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17
Q

what needs to bind to an acid in saliva to prevent a pH change creating a weak acid?

A

conjugate base.

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18
Q

why can buffering only work to an extent?

A

becuase there is only so many ions available in saliva that can bind to the acid.

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19
Q

within how much pH units and buffering work of the pKa number?

A

1 - buffering can only work to within 1pH unit o the pKa value of the buffering agent.

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20
Q

what does the midpoint describe when looking at buffers?

A

equal amounts of buffer and conjuent base - this is the best place.

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21
Q

how many times can phosphoric acid (H3PO4) be buffered and how many midpoints will there be?

A

3 times due to having 3 protons that can be dissociated.

3 midpoints

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22
Q

How many times can actate acid (CH3COOH) be buffered and how many midpoints will there be?

A

Once due to only having the one proton available .

one midpoint.

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23
Q

what would a higher acid buffer component that conjugate base component mean for saliva?

A

more effective buffering added bases.

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24
Q

what would a higher conjugate base component that acid buffer component mean for saliva?

A

more effective at buffering added acids.

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25
how can pH of a buffer be worked out?
using Henderson-Hasselbalch equation.
26
what is the ideal pH for animals?
7.4pH
27
why is acidosis more of a threat to animal life compared to alkalosis?
because we produce more acids through metabolic processes.
28
what is different about histidine?
only amino acid with a pKa value close to physiological pH - so only amino acid with buffering potential.
29
How does buffering maintain tooth structures?
- prevents dissolution of the tooth surfaces.
30
why are buffers needed to protect hard tissues?
- enamel is composed of HAP so will start to dissolve when acid is in the mouth to created an equilibrium with its constituent ions in saliva.
31
what are the buffering systems in saliva?
- bicarbonate - phosphate - proteins
32
what enzyme does saliva contain that catalyses the uptake of the protons to bicarbonate which increases the efficiency of the buffering system?
carbonic anhydrase
33
what is the produce after bicarbonate has buffered an acid?
- water | - co2 (which is removed into the atmosphere)
34
why is saliva stimulated due to mastication and chemicalstimulation of taste buds?
to increase flow rate - creating a washing action, moving fermentable food and acidic food/drink away quickly.
35
what is plaque acid?
bacterial fermenting dietry carbs.
36
does pH increase or decrease with flow rate?
increase.
37
what happens to bicarbonate concentration with an increase in flow rate?
increases.
38
what components of saliva maintains oral hygiene?
- lysozymes | - peroxidase
39
what components of saliva maintains mineralisation of teeth?
- Calcium - pH rise factors preventing xerostomia
40
what components of saliva maintains lubrication?
- mucin
41
what components of saliva aids in digestive functioning?
- amylase | - lipase
42
what cells enable control of how much saliva is flowing at once and how?
myopeitherial cells as they contain smooth muscle.
43
compared to plasma does saliva have a higher concentration of potassium (K) and bicarbonate (HCO3)?
Yes
44
compared to plasma does saliva have a higher concentration of sodium (Na+) and Chlorine (Cl-) ?
No
45
what is primary secretion of saliva?
- secretion into the acini - contains amylase, mucous, electrolytes. - isotonic
46
what is secondary secretion of saliva?
- striated ducts - Na + Cl reabsorbed from duct - K + HCO3 secreted - hypertonic - no movement of water.
47
what channels are in the cell wall of the striated ducts allowing movement across?
- sodium channel - sodium-hydrogen exchanger - sodium-potassium pump - chlorine-bicarbonate exchanger - chlorine channel
48
why does composition of saliva depend on flow rate?
more time saliva spends in the secondary ductal system more time for modification.
49
what nervous system stimulates secretion?
both parasympathetic and sympathetic.
50
how does the parasympathetic nervous system stimulate secretion?
- copious flow of watery saliva | - contracts smooth muscle cells around acinus and vasodilatation
51
how does the sympathetic nervous system stimulate secretion?
- small amount of salvia rich in enzymes (flight or flight)
52
what happens to sodium in saliva if aldosterone increases?
reduces as it prevents stimulation by mineralocorticoids.
53
what are the main inorganic components of saliva?
- Hydrogen ions - Bicarbonate ions - Sodium and Potassium ions - Calcium and Magnesium ions - Phosphate ions - Hydroxyapatite - Fluoride.
54
what are the main organic components of saliva?
- Mucins - Statherine - proline-rich proteins - histatines - immunoglobulines - enzymes (amylase, lysozymes, peroxidase) - lactoferrin - cystatins - pH rise factors
55
what is the purpose of hydrogen ions (H) in saliva?
- determines pH - remineralisation - determines solubility of other salivary proteins.
56
what is the purpose of bicarbonate ions (HCO3) in saliva?
- buffer
57
what happens to the concentration of bicarbonate ions (HCO3) in saliva when flow rate increases?
concentration increases
58
why does bicarbonate make a good buffer?
Ka value is 6.1 - so when pH is 6.1 there will be an equal concentration of carbonic acid and bicarbonate ions.
59
how is carbonic acid generated?
by the actions of carbonic anhydrase present in the salivary glands,
60
what are sodium and potassium present in saliva?
as counter ions to prevent electrical neutrality.
61
what ion does sodium counter act?
bicarbonate.
62
what ion does potassium counter act?
phosphate.
63
what happens to the concentration of sodium ions (Na) in saliva when flow rate increases? and why?
increases - as saliva spends less time is striated ducts so isn't removed.
64
what happens to the concentration of potassium ions (K) in saliva when flow rate increases? and why?
stays constant as it is added to the ductal fluid through the duct.
65
what happens to the concentration of Magnesium ions (Mg) in saliva when flow rate increases?
concentration decreases - dilution effect.
66
what happens to the concentration of calcium ions (Ca) in saliva when flow rate increases?
stays constant.
67
what is the purpose of calcium in saliva?
- forms complexes with calcium-binding salivary proteins | - maintains ionic product for HAP, through inhibiting dissolution and bringing about repair of tooth mineral.
68
what happens to the concentration of phosphate ions (HPO) in saliva when flow rate increases?
concentration decreases - dilution effect.
69
what is the purpose of phosphate in saliva?
- buffer (esp in unstimulated saliva) | - - maintains ionic product for HAP, through inhibiting dissolution and bringing about repair of tooth mineral.
70
what will happen to the tooth mineral if there is not enough calcium and phosphate in saliva?
hydroxyapatite will dissolve trying to create an equilibrium.
71
what will happen if there is too much calcium and phosphate in saliva? (super saturated)
encourage recipitation of minerals resulting in calculus or salivary stones.
72
why is saliva super saturated with HAP?
so that repair is favoured.
73
what is the chemical formula for hydroxyapatite?
Ca10 (PO4)6 (OH)2
74
why would fluoride ion concentration in saliva change?
in areas of water fluoridation.
75
what is the function of fluoride in saliva?
- increases stability of HAP structure and inhibits acid dissolution through replacing OP in the HAP structure. - promotes repair of tooth structure - through favouring repecipitation of HAP.
76
Is hydrogen an inorganic or organic component of saliva?
inorganic
77
Is bicarbonate an inorganic or organic component of saliva?
inorganic
78
Is sodium an inorganic or organic component of saliva?
inorganic
79
Is potassium an inorganic or organic component of saliva?
inorganic
80
Is calcium an inorganic or organic component of saliva?
inorganic
81
Is magnesium an inorganic or organic component of saliva?
inorganic
82
Is phosphate an inorganic or organic component of saliva?
inorganic
83
Is fluoride an inorganic or organic component of saliva?
inorganic
84
Is hydroxyapatite an inorganic or organic component of saliva?
inorganic
85
is mucin an inorganic or organic component of saliva?
organic
86
Is statherine an inorganic or organic component of saliva?
organic
87
Is proline-rich protein an inorganic or organic component of saliva?
organic
88
Is histatin an inorganic or organic component of saliva?
organic
89
are immunoglobulins an inorganic or organic component of saliva?
organic
90
Is amylase an inorganic or organic component of saliva?
organic
91
Is lysozyme an inorganic or organic component of saliva?
organic
92
Is salivary peroxidase an inorganic or organic component of saliva?
organic
93
Is lactoferrin an inorganic or organic component of saliva?
organic
94
Is cystatins an inorganic or organic component of saliva?
organic
95
are pH rise factors an inorganic or organic component of saliva?
organic
96
what is the purpose of salivary mucins?
- lubricate the mouth and protect hard and soft tissue surfaces from damage and removal of water. - barrier to microbial colonisation - aid regulation of other salivary proteins and peptides. - antimicrobial and anti-fungal.
97
what are the different types of mucins?
-MG1 and MG2
98
what is the different between MG1 and MG2?
mg1= - 3 different gene products) - oligomeric structure. - forms complexed with other salivary components. mg2= - single gene product - binds oral pathogens and yeast (candida)
99
what is the purpose of statherine in saliva?
- portion can bind to calcium and prevent spontaneous precipitation of HAP from saliva. - binds to existing HAP minerals, inhibiting further crystal growth.
100
what cells produces statherine?
acinar cells.
101
what is the purpose of proline-rich proteins in saliva?
binds to HAP - inhibits growth - they are the most common in saliva.
102
what organic components of saliva are components of the salivary pellicle?
- Proline-rich proteins. - Histatins. - Amylase - Cystatins
103
what is the purpose of histatins in saliva?
- inhibitor of candida. - some activity against streptococcus mutans. - binds calcium- preventing HAP precipitation. - low concentration in saliva
104
what is the purpose of immunoglobulins in saliva? and how do they carry out this function?
- defence against pathogens. | - recognises very specific pathogens, binds to them, swallows then then removes it from the body.
105
what is the main type of immunoglobulin in the body? and how is it secreted?
IgA - secreted into salive via epitherlia cells of the gland - picks up additional polypeptide chains which offer protection in the mouth. - is also called sIgA (secreted IgA)
106
what are the main different enzymes found in saliva?
- Amylase - Lysozyme - Salivary peroxidase
107
what is the purpose of amylase in saliva?
- digests carbs - catalyses the hydrolysis of a-1-4 glycosidic bond between glucose molecules.
108
what other ion activated amylase?
chloride ions.
109
which gland is amylase mostly secreted from?
parotid gland
110
what is the purpose of lysozyme in saliva?
- anti-microbial - catalyses the hydrolysis between the bonds of the bacterial cell wall causing lysis and death. (BUT some because have a protective coating around it preventing lysozyme attacks) -acts copperatively with sIgA - binds to HAP
111
what is the purpose of salivary peroxidase in saliva?
- toxic to baceria - inhibits bacterial metabolic enzymes used in energy production. - removes hydrogen peroxide (which is damaging to soft tissues) - anti-microbia.
112
what could be a result in low levels of salivary peroxidase in saliva?
more susceptible to periodontal breakdown.
113
what is the purpose of lactoferrin in saliva?
- antimicrobial - -binds to ferric ions reducing the number available so bacteria cannot use them for nutrients. - (BUT can be degradable by some bacteria's and used as nutrition for them)
114
what is the purpose of cystatins in saliva?
- bind to and inhibit enzymes that break down proteins, - inhibit bacterial protease protecting the soft tissues. - bind to HAP
115
what is the purpose of pH rise factors in saliva?
- acid neutralisers. | - can produce ammonia which neutralises plaque and (but this can produce putrescine, which causes halitosis)

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