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ENT anatomy > Salivary Glands, Tongue, Palate and Pharynx > Flashcards

Salivary Glands, Tongue, Palate and Pharynx Flashcards

(90 cards)

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1
Q

what is the superior border of oral cavity?

A

hard and soft palate

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2
Q

what makes up the anterior border of the oral cavity?

A

upper and lower teeth

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3
Q

what is the inferior border of the oral cavity?

A

floor of mouth/tongue

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4
Q

what is the posterior border of the oral cavity?

A

oropharynx

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5
Q

what gives rise to ‘tongue tie’?

A

the frenulum of the tongue is too short and and therefore binds the tongue to the gingivae of the lower incisor teeth

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6
Q

when the tip of the tongue is lifted to the roof of the mouth, what side of the tongue are we looking at?

A

the ventral (anterior) surface

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7
Q

where are the sublingual papillae located?

A

at the base of the frenulum

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8
Q

what do the sublingual papillae contain?

A

openings for the ducts of the submandibular salivary glands

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9
Q

what is the venous drainage of the floor of the mouth and ventral surface of tongue?

A

right and left lingual vein

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10
Q

which blood vessels are important for absorbing sublingual medications e.g GTN spray?

A

lingual veins

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11
Q

what are the 3 pairs of major salivary glands?

A

parotid, submandibular, sublingual

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12
Q

where do you find minor salivary glands?

A

oral mucosa, lips, cheeks, palate

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13
Q

what percentage of the average daily secretions of saliva does the major salivary glands make?

A

90%

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14
Q

which one of the major salivary glands contains many small ducts rather than just one opening?

A

the sublingual gland

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15
Q

which salivary gland is the largest?

A

parotid

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16
Q

over which muscle does the parotid gland lie?

A

masseter

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17
Q

how does the parotid gland supply saliva into the oral cavity?

A

pierces medially through buccinator then opens on the parotid papilla of the buccal mucosa

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18
Q

anatomically, where abouts is the opening of the parotid papilla of the buccal mucosa?

A

opposite upper 2nd molar

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19
Q

what does the submandibular duct open into?

A

sublingual papillae

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20
Q

where can the submandibular duct be found?

A

deep to the mucosa of the floor of the mouth

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21
Q

where can you find the sublingual gland?

A

deep to mucosa of floor of mouth

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22
Q

normally, should the parotid gland be palpable?

A

no, only palpable if there is pathology

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23
Q

what is the name given to the muscle of the floor of the mouth?

A

mylohyoid

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24
Q

what is the parasympathetic innervation to the submandibular salivary gland?

A

chorda tympani of CN VII (facial nerve)

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25
what is the parasympathetic innervation of the sublingual salivary gland?
CN VII
26
the chorda tympani branch of facial nerve connects to what before supplying the sublingual gland?
the lingual nerve branch of CN V3
27
what is the parasympathetic innervation of the parotid salivary gland?
CN IX - glossopharyngeal nerve
28
where does CN IX leave the base of the skull?
jugular foramen
29
with which structure does CN IX 'hitch a ride' with to reach the parotid gland?
branches of CN V3
30
what type of muscle is in the tongue?
skeletal (voluntary) muscle
31
what is the general sensory supply to anterior 2/3rds of tongue?
CN V3
32
what is the special sensory supply to anterior 2/3rds of tongue?
CN VII. chorda tympani of facial nerve
33
which part of the tongue is not considered as being part of the oral cavity?
posterior 1/3rd. vertical part of tongue
34
what is the general and sensory supply to the posterior 1/3rd of the tongue?
CN IX - glossopharyngeal
35
what is the name of the landmark at the apex of terminal groove of the tongue?
foramen caecum
36
what is the foramen caecum a remnant of?
remnant of the thyroglossal duct as this is where the thyroid gland originated embrylogically
37
what is the function of the 4 paired extrinsic tongue muscles?
to change position of tongue during mastication, swallowing and speech
38
name the 4 paired extrinsic tongue muscles?
palatoglossus, styloglossus, hyoglossus, genioglossus
39
where does the palatoglossus attach?
the palate and the tongue
40
where does the styloglossus attach?
tongue and styloid process
41
where does the hyoglossus attach?
the tongue and the hyoid bone
42
where does the genioglossus attach?
the tongue and the genio tubercles
43
what is the motor supply to the extrinsic muscles of the tongue?
all supplied by the hypoglossal nerve (CN XII) except palatoglossus which is supplied by the vagus nerve (CN X)
44
how are the hypoglossal nerves connected to the CNS?
via many rootlets that attach to the medulla oblangata
45
what is the intracranial part of the course for the hypoglossal nerves?
passes anteriorly towards the hypoglossal canal in the posterior cranial fossa
46
what is the base of the skull foramen part of the course of the hypoglossal nerve?
travels in occipital bone and into hypoglossal canal
47
where is the hypoglossal canal in the skull?
anterior wall of foramen magnum
48
the hypoglossal nerve descends in the neck lateral to what?
carotid sheath
49
at the level of the hyoid bone, the hypoglossal nerve passes in which direction?
anteriorly towards the tongue
50
how do you clinically test the function of the left and right hypoglossal nerves?
ask patient to stick out tongue
51
if both hypoglossal nerves are functioning normally, how would you expect the tongue to look?
tongue tip remains in midline
52
if there is a unilateral CN XII damage what way would you expect the tongue tip to point?
tongue tip points towards the side of the injured nerve
53
what is the blood supply to the tongue?
lingual artery
54
as the hypoglossal nerve passes anteriorly through the neck, what structure is it lateral to?
the 'loop' of the lingual artery
55
what is the name for the junction between the lip border and the skin?
the vermillion border
56
what passes through the palatine foraminae of the hard palate?
nerves- branches of CN V2 and vessels
57
how many pairs of muscles are there in the soft palate?
5
58
name the 5 pairs of soft palate muscles?
- levator veli palatini - tensor veli palatini - palatoglossus - palatopharyngeus - musculus uvulae
59
what is the function of the levator veli palatini?
lifts the soft palate towards the base of the skull
60
function of the tensor veli palatini?
tenses the soft palate
61
function of palatoglossus?
depresses the palate towards the tongue and vice versa
62
where does the palatopharyngeus muscle attach between?
the palate and the larynx
63
what nerve(s) are the skeletal muscles of the soft palate supplied by?
all supplied by the vagus nerve except tensor veli palatini which is supplied by CN V3
64
what are the 3 functions of the soft palate?
1. stops food entering the nose during swallowing 2. directs air into the nose or the mouth during speech, coughing and vomiting 3. helps to close off the entrance into the oropharynx during the gag reflex
65
what do you ask the patient to do when assessing CN X and V3?
say 'aaaah'
66
if the nerves are functioning normally, what should happen to the uvula when patient says 'aaaah'?
should lift straight up into midline
67
if there is unilateral nerve damage, what would you expect to happen to the uvula when patient says 'aaah'?
the uvula will be pulled away from the non-functioning side by the normal side
68
where do all the constrictor muscles of the pharynx all insert?
midline raphe
69
are the circular (constrictor) muscles of the larynx voluntary of involuntary?
voluntary
70
what are the circular muscles of the pharynx innervated by?
CN X
71
what is the only muscle in the pharynx supplied by CN IX?
stylopharyngeus
72
what are the 3 longitudinal muscles of the pharynx?
stylopharyngeus, palatopharyngeus, salpingopharyngeus
73
where do all 3 longitudinal muscles of the pharynx insert onto?
posterior border of thyroid cartilage
74
what is the function of the longitudinal muscles of the pharynx?
elevate pharynx and larynx
75
which recess is closely associated with the laryngeal inlet?
pisiform fossa (recess)
76
what makes up Waldeyer's (defensive) ring of lymphoid tissue?
- palatine tonsils - pharyngeal tonsils "adenoids" - tubal tonsils - lingual tonsils - palate associated lymphoid tissue
77
where do you find the pharyngeal tonsils "adenoids"?
in the mucosa of the roof of the nasopharynx
78
where do you find the tubal tonsils?
in the mucosa of the eustachian tube opening
79
where do you find the lingual tonsil?
in mucosa of the posterior 1/3rd of the tongue
80
where do you find palate associated lymphoid tissue?
in the mucosa of the soft palate
81
what is meant by the regional nodes?
regional nodes are the group of lymph nodes that FIRST receive the lymph that has drained from a given structure.
82
where are the retropharyngeal nodes?
in the retropharyngeal space
83
what are the regional nodes for the type of the tongue?
submental nodes
84
where do you find the submental nodes?
in the neck posterior to the mental process of the mandible
85
where do you find the submandibular nodes?
in the neck superficial to the submandibular gland
86
where are the deep cervical nodes?
in the carotid sheath
87
where does all lymph from the palatine tonsil drain to?
the jugulo-digastric node
88
where do the submandibular nodes receive lymph from?
nasal cavity, oral cavity, tongue, lips etc
89
what are the expected features of a lymph node that is swollen due to infection?
painful, soft, smooth, not fixed to adjacent structures, improves rapidly with antibiotics
90
features of a lymph node that is swollen due to cancer?
not painful, hard, irregular, fixed, does not improve with antibiotics

ENT anatomy (4 decks)

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