SAM EXAM Flashcards
(153 cards)
1
Q
What are advantages of getting a credit card
A
you pay your debt off over time, you get rewards
2
Q
How to know if a website is secure
A
padlock symbols, too good to be true, https (the S means secure), contact details
3
Q
what is superannuation
A
money set aside while you’re working that you can access later on when you retire, by your employer
4
Q
describe unemployment
A
a situation where people who are willing and able to work can’t find employment
5
Q
what is the Labour Force Survey
A
the unemployment rate is measured by the Australian Bureau of Statistics
it is conducted monthly and involves 0.5 percent of the population
6
Q
who can vote
A
aus citizens, 18+, enrolled in electoral roll
7
Q
what is a donkey vote
A
where the voter has their preferences in ther same order as the candidates listen on the ballot paper, this is considered a formal vote and is counted
8
Q
what is an informal vote
A
the ballot paper is not marked at all or is marked with drawings. vote not counted
9
Q
how many of the votes are informal votes
A
5 percent
10
Q
what is a formal vote
A
where the ballot paper has been filled out correctly. vote is counted
11
Q
what is proportional voting
A
- used for senators
- candidates must receive a certain percentage or quota of the votes
- once the person has achieved this quota, their votes will get handed onto someone else
12
Q
what is preferential voting
A
used in the house of reps, absolute majority, number candidates, ensures winning candidate has support of the majority of votes
13
Q
what is first past the post
A
to be elected, candidate must receive a simple majority, only put mark next to the candidate you want to elect, most votes = winner
14
Q
what is an electorate
A
a voting ditrict with approximatley 110,000 voters, voters in each electorate vote for 1 person represent that area in the house of reps
15
Q
What is employment
A
a person who works more than 1 hour per week, works in a family business, even if they are on sick leave, strikes or holidays. Over 15
16
Q
What is unemployment
A
people who are actively looking for jobs, but cannot find any, completing job applications and are registered with centrelink. Over 15
17
Q
not in the labour force
A
The number of people who are neither employed nor looking for employment. Over 15
- retired, carers, students, disabled, volunteers
18
Q
labour force
A
employment and unemployment
19
Q
How is Unemployment Rate Calculated
A
no. of ppl unemployed/no. of ppl in the labour force X 100/1
20
Q
How is Employment Rate Calculated
A
100% - (unemployment rate)%
21
Q
Current Unemployment Rate in Australia
A
4.1%
22
Q
Flaws of Measuring Unemployment
A
- ignores hidden unemployment (discouraged job seekers, who are no longer searching for jobs)
- ignores underemployment (those working below capacity)
- misleading survey answers (in fear of losing benefits, people providing misleading/incorrect information)
23
Q
Causes of Unemployment
A
- cyclical
- structural
- seasonal
- frictional
24
Q
what is Cyclical Unemployment
A
When consumers save rather than spend. This leads to reduced spending, production and labour. This can move the economy into a period of negative growth.
25
what is Structural Unemployment
a result of changes in the way goods and services are produced, generally when production methods change in order to improve productivity, often technology.
26
what is Seasonal Unemployment
results from termination of jobs at the same time each year due to the regular changes in seasons
27
what is Frictional Unemployment
occurs when people are unemployed between finishing one job and staring another. Common in building trades and acting.
28
what is long-term unemployment
refers to people who have been unemployed for 52 consecutive weeks or longer (a year or more)
29
what is youth unemployment
relates to people between the ages of 15 and 24
the rate is usually double than the national unemployment rate
(8.2%)
it can be solved by certain types of jobs being created for young people - part time jobs, including casual, temporary and gig work
30
youth unemployment rate (%)
8.2%
31
what are the living standards
living standards refer to how well or prosperous the individuals and the nation is overall
it is split into:
- material well being
- non material well being
32
Material well-being
refers to having access to the economic resources necessary to pay for adequate food, clothing, housing, and possessions.
33
non material wellbeing
not related to the wealth of an individual but the nation as a whole
relates to:
natural environment
crime rates
leisure time
education levels
health
34
Unemployment - effect on individuals
reduced income - cut back on lifestyle in household spending and difficult to maintain your personal debt and home loan.
family unhappiness - adds to family tension and stress, violence.
lower self image - personal failure, loss of status with friends.
less healthy - having to buy less nutritious foods which can lead to health issues ( nervous disorders, heart disease, diabetes).
less superannuation - because you aren't working there is no contribution added to your Super.
35
Unemployment - effect on business/society
- ripple effect on businesses
-fewer goods and services are produced
- increased crime
- increased incidence of family breakdown
36
Unemployment - effect on government
- lowers the number of taxpayers
- higher taxes for those who do pay
- more welfare payments
37
tarrifs
tav imposed by one country on the goods and services imported from another county
38
bilateral relationships
exchange of good between two nations promoting trade and investment. The 2 countries will reduce or eliminate tarrifs, import quotas, export restraints and other trade barriers to encourage trade and investment
39
imports
goods and services produced abroad then sold in your country; manufactured goods, tvs, clothes and cars
40
exports
goods and services produced in one country and sold to others; iron ore and education for international students
41
international trade
exchange of goods and services between countries
42
benefits of trade for australia
trade promotes economic growth, creates and supports Australian jobs, trade gives consumers and business greater choice
43
costs and benefits of international trade
increase living standards in Aus and increase living standards in countries we trade with
44
International imports and exports
global trade allows for wealthy countries to use their resources more efficiently. this allows other countries to produce more efficiently.
45
when and where did aus and china establish an embassy
in beijing in 1973
46
Australia and china relationship today
China is Australia's largest two way trading partner in goods and services, they account for nearly one third of our trade with the world
47
What is the WTO (world trade organisation)
it deals with the rules of world trade. the goal is to help producers of goods and services, exporters and importers conduct their business
48
what is criminal law
is concerned with cases in which a person has committed an offence against the well being of the community
49
Summary offences:
less serious criminal offences
50
indictable offences:
serious criminal offence, heard before a judge and jury in county or supreme
51
what are people called before sentencing
innocent until proven guilty
52
who has to prove who and guilty
the prosecutor has to prove the defendant guilty, guilty beyond reasonable doubt
53
what does the prosecutor have to prove
mens rea and actus reus
54
mens rea
that the accused acted with a guilty mind or intention
55
actus reus
that the accused committed the guilty act
56
how old can you be to not be help responsible for committing a crime
children 10 years and under
57
can children 14 and under be found guilty
presumed to not understand consequences, up to prosecutor or police to prove they knew what they were doing
58
what happens when you are 15 and up
you can be punished, sanctions, court might be different to adults
59
what is civil law
concerned with cases in which there is a dispute between private individuals, company.
60
what is the plaintiff
the injured party, who has had the wrong done to them
61
what is defamation
to protect your reputation
62
what is negligence
to protect yourself
63
what is tresspass
to protect your property
64
why are civil laws needed
to protect your right, impose a duty on others to not do anything that cases harm, provide a remedy such as compensation in the event of a civil right
65
what is the purpose of criminal law
protection of community as a whole
66
titles of parties in criminal law
state, acting on behalf of community, prosecute individuals
67
possible court findings in criminal law
guilty, not guilty, no decision
68
possible outcomes in criminal law
penalty - fine, imprisonment to punish
69
standard of proof in criminal law
beyond reasonable doubt
70
purpose of civil law
protection of individuals
71
parties involved in civil law
the plaintiff sues the wrongdoer
72
possible court findings in civil law
defendant liable or not liable
73
possibe outcomes in civil law
civil remedy such as damages
74
standard of proof in civil law
on the balance of probability
75
structure of court
high court of Australia
Supreme
County
Magistrates
- Coreners court and Children's Court - family division and criminal division
76
people in courtroom
judge, magistrate, judges associate, magistrates clerk, prosecutor, barrister, closed court, jury
77
Victorian court higherachy
highest court is "high court of Aus", each state has supreme, county, magistrates
78
What cases does the county court hear
indictable criminal offences (serious offences)
79
What cases does the magistrates court hear
summary criminal offences
80
where can appeals be heard
appeals can only be heard in a court above from the first trial
81
benefits of court hierarchy
specialisation, precedent, rights of appeal, administrative convenience
82
what is specialisation
courts are ranked in order of importance according to types of cases they hear
83
what is precedent
higher court makes a decision that is binding on lower courts in same hierarchy
84
what is right of appeal
can appeal to a higher court, provides fairness and allows for mistakes to be corrected
85
what is administrative convenience
allows for distribution of cases according to their seriousness, higherachy allows judges and legal personal to be allocated to courts according to level of expertise
86
what are the two sections of the children's court
criminal division and family division
87
what is the criminal division
where defendant is 10-18 years old when the crime was committed under 19 when the trial occurs
88
what is the family division
cases for children 0-17 years old who are in need of care and protection as the child is as risk of being ill treated/abused, being abandoned, having no one to look after them
89
what does the coreners court do
investigates unexpected or suspicious deaths
90
what is a committal hearing
heard in magistrates court, magistrate has to decide whether the accused for a serious criminal offence should be sent to a higher court
91
what is bail
the release of an accused person back into society while awaiting trial
92
what is remand
holding a person in custody while awaiting trial
93
two parts of the drug treatment order
custodial, treatment and supervision
94
custodial (DTO)
sentence of imprisonment - not exceeding 2 years - to be served in the community to allow the participant to receive drug and/or alcohol treatment
95
treatment and supervision (DTO)
aims to address the participants drug and/or alcohol dependancy
96
how do adversarial trials work
parties in the case presents their arguments, judge acts as an impartial umpire, the court hears evidence, (occasionally a jury), after all evidence is heard, jury decides who wins the case
97
how are statute laws made
made by the parliament
98
how are common laws made
laws that come from decisions made by judges in court
99
what does the jury do
decides whether defendant is guilty or not guilty
100
how many guilty votes do they need for defendant to be guilty
in criminal trials: for very serious need unanimous (12 out of 12) but for less serious you only need 11 out of 12
101
what do the jury decide in civil trials
whether the person is liable - on the balance of probability
102
what is a hung jury
when the jury cannot decide on an outcome, not a unanimous vote
103
when can people get out of jury duty
ineligible, disqualified, excused
104
what does being ineligible mean (jury duty)
in legal industry, intellectually/physically handicapped, cannot speak/hear english
105
what does being disqualified mean (jury duty)
who have been in jail for 3 months or more in last 5 years, or have served at least 3 years in haul, on remand/bail, or are bankrupt
106
what does being excused mean (jury duty)
illness/poor health, incapacity, distance, excessive time, financial hardship, advanced age
107
how many years are you free of jury duty after going on jury
3 years, jurors who had a long case, maybe exempt forever by the court
108
selection process of jury
1. turn 18 and put name onto the electoral role
2. chosen at random and receive and questionnaire
3. complete the questionnaire, return within 14 days (could be found to be eligible/ineligible)
4. if eligible and not disqualified you enter a jury pool, (up to 3 days, could be excused)
5. if not excused, wait to be empanelled
109
strengths of jurys
involves a broad cross selection of ordinary people, helps to promote understanding of the legal system, having more than one decision maker reduces burden/pressure on one person to make the verdict
110
weaknesses of jurys
ordinary people might not be able to follow the case because of legal language or complex details, having jury adds to the time and cost of trail, juries do not have to give reasons for their decisions so there is no transparency
111
what are some democratic values in Australia
freedom of election, freedom of assembly and political participation, right to fair trial, freedom of movement
112
3 forms of government
monarchy, constitutional monarchy, democracy
113
what is monarchy (government)
form of government where the monarch is the state head
114
what is constitutional monarchy (government)
a system where the head of state is a monarch, but real power of government rests wit the parliament
115
what is democracy (government)
people exercise the authority of government - decisions are made using the majority rule approach
116
advantages of federation
better defence force, for a common approach to immigration, for a uniform communication system, nationalism, improve trade in Aus
117
what is the constitution
sets out how Australia is governed, outline the authority, powers and responsibility of state and federal governments
118
how is the constitution changed
through a referendum
119
what are the 3 parliamentary governments
federal, state, local
120
responsibilities of federal government
defence and foreign affairs, trade, currency, immigration, air travel, postal servicing
121
responsibilities of state government
schools, public works, police, jails and emergency services, hospitals
122
responsibilities of local government
public health, local roads and foot paths, parks, libraries, waste disposal
123
federal government source of income
receipts from income tax, receipts from company tax
124
state government source of income
receipts from GST, receipts from stamp duty
125
local government source of income
receipts from rates
126
what does bi-cameral mean
that the have 2 houses, upper and lower house
127
which house is most important
lower house; because the party that wins the most seats in lower house will become the government, the party that comes second is known as the opposition
128
how often are federal elections held
every 3 years
129
how many members are there in federal parliament
151
130
how many members in the senate (upper house), how many from each state and territory
76, 12 from each state and 2 from each territory
131
how many members in house of representatives (lower house)
151
132
how many people have to have majority of the seats in federal parliament
76 is majority
133
what is a coalition
when two political parties, with similar views, join together to obtain majority of members in the house if reps
134
how is the victorian state parliament set up
upper house: legislative council
Lower house: legislative assembly
135
how many people in the legislative council
40 memebers
136
how many people in the legislative assembly
88 memebers
137
how often are elections held for vic state parliament
every 4 years
138
people in parliament
ministers, backbenchers, cabinets, shadow ministers, independant
139
who are ministers
members of government who have to represent their electorate and who have been allocated a specific area of responsibility
140
who are backbenchers
members of parliament who do not have a portfolio, their only responsibility is to look after their electorates
141
who are cabinets
senior government ministers who meet to formulate government policy (include PM)
142
who are shadow ministers
members of the opposition who monitor the actions of the ministers and who will usually be appointed as minister if their party is elected
143
who are independant
member of parliament who does not belong to or represent a political party
144
what are the 3 voting methods
first past the post, preferential voting, proportional voting
145
what is first past the post voting
used in UK and USA. Only needs to mark one box of their preference
146
what is preferential voting
voters indicate their preferences fir the candidates. In order to win, candidate must win 50% plus 1 vote
147
what is an absolute majority vote
50%+1
148
pros and cons of preferential voting
pros: your second preference may be need, second preference still counts
cons: high risk of donkey votes, errors in counting
149
what is proportional voting
representatives must attract a certain percentage or quota of the vote.
150
what is a formal vote
where the ballot paper has been filled out correctly (is counted)
151
what is an informal vote
the ballot paper is not marked at all or is marked with drawings (is not counted)
152
what is a donkey vote
where the voter has their preferences in the same order as the candidates listed on the ballot paper (is counted)
153
structure of a cash budget
estimated cash receipts
total estimated receipts
estimated cash payments
total estimated payments
excess receipts over payments
bank at beginning
bank at end
