SAM4 MT 1 Flashcards by Benedicte Mæhlum

If a cat has enlarged kidneys, which diagnosis is NOT probable?
PKD (polycystic kidney disease)
Hydronephrosis
Lymphoma of the kidneys 
renal fibrosis

renal fibrosis

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Renal amyloidosis is typically NOT caused by?
chronic inflammatory process
neoplastic process
chronic liver disease 
genetic (familiar) causes

chronic liver disease

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This antibiotic is NOT excreted with the urine thus is NOT a proper treatment for urinary tract infections
amoxicillin 
cephalosporins 
rifampicin 
trimetoprim-sulfonamid

rifampicin

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It is typically causes “acute on chronic” kidney disease: pre-existing chronic kidney disease, plus:
polypoid cystitis 
hemodynamic disturbance 
hyperthyroidism 
hepatopathy

hemodynamic disturbance

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The following is NOT true about polycystic kidney disease:
is often asymptomatic
renal abscesses may develop in case of bacterial infection of the cysts
ultrasound examination is required to make a diagnosis
treatment is often surgical

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Renal amyloidosis typically found in…. which cat breed?
persian 
siamese 
abyssinian 
bengal

abyssinian

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If a dog is azotaemic, then… choose the right answer!
… the ammonia level is increased in its blood
… 50% of its nephrons have been destroyed in their kidneys
… it may have been dehydrated
… it has urethral obstruction

… the ammonia level is increased in its blood

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Renal amyloidosis typically found in… which dog breed? 
Basenji
Shar-pei
Hungarian Viszla
Poodle

Shar-pei

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The most common lower urinary tract disease of cats
prostate diseases
idiopathic cystitis 
urolithiasis 
bacterial cystitis

idiopathic cystitis

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Which is NOT true for nephrosis syndrome?
subcutaneous edema is a typical finding
it caused by glomerulonephropathies
hypotension is a typical finding
there is a high risk of thrombosis

hypotension is a typical finding ?

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It prolongs the survival of dogs and cats with chronic kidney disease:
increased phosphorous intake 
medical reduction of proteinuria 
“urinary” diet 
A, B and C are all true

“urinary” diet

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Which is NOT a contributing factor concerning lower urinary tract infections?
incontinence 
corticosteroid therapy 
feline idiopathic cystitis (FIC)
Fanconi syndrome

incontinence

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The most common lower urinary tract disease of cats?
Prostate diseases
idopathic diseases 
Urolithiasis
Bacterial cystitis

idopathic diseases

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The second most common lower urinary tract disease of dog?
Prostate diseases
Sterile cystitis
Urolithiasis
Bacterial cystitis

Urolithiasis

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The second most common lower urinary tract disease of cat?
Prostate diseases
Sterile cystitis
Urolithiasis
Bacterial cystitis

Urolithiasis

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Which one of the following is the most likely diagnosis in dogs in case of haematuria?
urolithiasis
Benign prostate gland hypertrophy
bacterial cystitis
neoplasia

neoplasia

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Which one of the following is the most likely diagnosis in cats in case of haematuria?
FIC
Urolithiasis
Neoplasia
Bacterial cystitis

Urolithiasis

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Which statement is true about the progression of CKD?
hypertension and proteinuria can increase the hyperfiltration of the nephrons
Renal fibrosis is primary caused by the excessive production of parathormone
The progression of CKD is generally reversible with specific therapy
the loss of functional nephrons lead to an increase in the glomerular filtration rate

Renal fibrosis is primary caused by the excessive production of parathormone

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The most effective gastric protectant for dogs with chronic kidney disease is
Pantoprazole
Famotidine
Sucralfate 
Benazepril

Pantoprazole

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The most common antihypertensive drug in dogs and cats:
Telmisartan
Benazepril
Amlodipin
Pantoprazole

Amlodipin

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What is NOT true about renal glycosuria?
It is caused by glomerular diseases
Plasma glucose levels are normal
Can have genetic causes
may be a part of Fanconi syndrome

It is caused by glomerular diseases

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The most important aspect of struvite urolithiasis treatment in dogs
Diet
antibiotics
urine acidification
all three above

all three above

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Choose the correct answer! High-dose maintenance fluid therapy (>100 ml/kg/day) for acute kidney injury
it increases diuresis, thus “flushes” the kidney faster
may cause interstitial edema in the kidneys, that decreases GFR and renal blood flow
Ensures adequate daily fluid intake in anorexic animals
In anuria, it ensures that renal function and urine production are restored quickly

may cause interstitial edema in the kidneys, that decreases GFR and renal blood flow

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Fanconi syndrome is NOT characterized by:
Proximal tubular acidosis
Central diabetes insipidus
aminoaciduria
Glycosuria

Central diabetes insipidus

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``` Which of the following breeds is usually not affected by ectopic ureter? Labrador Husky German Shepherd West Highland White Terrier ```

German Shepherd

Which statement is correct? In case of renal traumatic bleeding … in the abdominocentesis is always positive (blood) the plain abdominography is usually pathognomic retroperitoneal radiography blood loss may even lead to exsanguination retroperitoneal blood loss may occur but usually does not lead to life threatening circulatory changes

retroperitoneal radiography blood loss may even lead to exsanguination

Which of the following protocols is to be followed in case of acute obstruction form of Feline Lower Urinary Tract disease? Stabilisation perineal urethrostomy Stabilisation cystocentesis Stabilisation urinary bladder expression Stabilisation urethral catheterisation

Stabilisation urethral catheterisation ?

Which of the following suture patterns is not recommended for cystotomy wound closure? Double layer continuous Lembert Double layer (penetrating Lembert) suture Single layer seromuscular continuous suture Double layer interrupted Lembert

Double layer (penetrating Lembert) suture

Stabilisation urethral catheterisation

Which of the following conditions does not cause hydronephrosis? Ureteral stricture associated with previous surgery Ureteral torsion Ureteral tumor Ureterolithiasis

Ureteral torsion

Which statement is incorrect concerning prostate ultrasonography? It can detect fluid accumulation within the organ It can detect parenchymal hypertrophy It can differentiate cyst from abscess It provides possibility of core biopsy

It can differentiate cyst from abscess

``` Which of the following statements is incorrect regarding nephrolithiasis? It can occur bilaterally It can lead to ureterolithiasis It can be caused by congenital disorder Dalmatians always form urate uroliths ```

Dalmatians always form urate uroliths

Which statement is correct regarding ectopic ureter? It may cause dysuria In acquired form, the incontinence is recurring The urinary incontinence might be combined with normal micturition episodes The urinary incontinence is always constant

The urinary incontinence might be combined with normal micturition episodes

Treatment of pyelonephritis: which answer is wrong? ACE inhibitors, omega-3 fatty acids Puncture and flushing of the renal pelvis Systemic antibiotics Fluid therapy

ACE inhibitors, omega-3 fatty acids

``` Monitoring blood pressure is particularly important In young animals In Feline idiopathic Cystitis In Kidney disease In case of heart failure ```

In Kidney disease

Which is the least important to establish the diagnosis of kidney disease Blood urea and creatinine measurement Measurement of blood phosphorus, calcium and potassium levels Urine Sediment evaluation and urine specific gravity Detection of proteinura?

Detection of proteinura?

``` In case of elevated of blood creatinine concentration ..the animal is uremic .. the animal has kidney disease .. the animal has azotaemia .. the animal was fed too much protein ? ```

.. the animal was fed too much protein ?

Which statement is TRUE? In case of pyelonephritis The bacteria usually reach the renal pelvis the systemic circulation We can get a sample for diagnostic tests by aspiration the renal pelvis On ultrasound examination we find shrunken kidenys Usually the urinary sediment is unchanged becuse the inflammation is limited to the renal pelvis.

We can get a sample for diagnostic tests by aspiration the renal pelvis

Causes of hypertension in kidney patients. Which answer is not correct? Prolonged activation of the renin-angiotensin- aldosterone system Sodium retention Dehydration Systemic vasoconstriction

Dehydration?

Which statement is wrong? in acute kidney failure, mannitol infusion.. Should only be given to a previously rehydrated patient Can be repeated up to 5 times in case of anuria Can be repeated many times if diuresis is present Is recommended in oliguric renal failure

Can be repeated up to 5 times in case of anuria

True about urohydropropulsion This technique requires good surgical skills No sedation is required when using this technique When applying this technique the renal pelvis is connected to the urinary bladder with a special shunt This technique may be suitable for removing small stones from the urinary bladder.

This technique may be suitable for removing small stones from the urinary bladder.

``` IRIS stage- I chronic renal failure is associated with… Azotaemia Anaemia, metabolic acidosis Uremia Decreased specific gravity of urine ```

Decreased specific gravity of urine

``` Abnormalities that are typical for chronic renal disease. Which answer is wrong? Hypertension PU/PD Hypophosphataemia Hypokalaemia ```

Hypophosphataemia

Postrenal azotaemia.. which is the wrong answer? May be due to urethral obstruction may cause kidney damage without treatment may be due to severe dehydration may be due to ureter rupture

may be due to severe dehydration

``` Which one of the following is not typical in case of acute kidney injury? Cachexia Vomitus Metabolic acidosis Uraemic ulcers ```

Uraemic ulcers

hich is the least important to establish the diagnosis of kidney disease? Blood urea and creatinine measurement Measurement of blood phosphorus, calcium and potassium levels Urine sediment evaluation and urine specific gravity measurement Detection of proteinuria

Measurement of blood phosphorus, calcium and potassium levels

``` Renal cysts… Are always congenital are always bilateral Are mainly incidental findings generally cause renal failure ```

Are mainly incidental findings

What is the most common cause of struvite urolithiasis in dogs? Neutering in bitches Chronic bacterial urinary tract infection Dietary anomaly Inadequate response to stressors

Chronic bacterial urinary tract infection

``` Which therapy is not recommended for the treatment of dehydration in chronic kidney disease? Administration of intravenous infusion Administration of subcutaneous infusion Increase of water consumption Dialysis treatment ```

Dialysis treatment

How would you treat a cat diagnosed with interstitial cystitis (FIC)? Antibiotics Urine acidifying diet Catheterization, flushing the bladder with isotonic saline Increase water intake

Catheterization, flushing the bladder with isotonic saline

Possible cause of hydroneprhosis: Which statement is wrong? Ureter stone Granuloma formation following neutralization Ascending infection Transitional cell carcinoma in the bladder

Ascending infection

Until what level is it recommended to increase the hematocrit (ht) with erythropoietin/darbapoetin therapy in chronic kidney disease? Until Ht is 22-25% Until Ht is around 30% To normal range The sucess of the treatment does not depend on the Ht value

Until Ht is around 30%

What is recommended to start erythropoietin/darbepoetin therapy in chronic kidney disease? if cyanosis is already occurring due to hypoxia When the hematocrit level drops to 18-20% Only when clinical signs of hypoxia are already present, not earlier If the systolic blood pressure is >180mmHg

When the hematocrit level drops to 18-20%

Oliguria in the dog/etiology Chronic renal disease, nephrosis/nephritis, pyometra Inadequate water intake, dehydration, acute nephrosis Dehydration, renal insufficiency, chronic liver disease Endocrine disorders, hepatopathies

Inadequate water intake, dehydration, acute nephrosis

You can diagnose pyelonephritis by.. Which answer is wrong? Hemoculture in case of azotaemia The histological examination of renal biopsy specimen Visualizing pelvis dilation with imaging methods and performing urine culture the microbiological examination of a renal pelvis punctuate

The histological examination of renal biopsy specimen

``` Which of the following therapeutic steps is to be taken first after diagnosing urethral obturation in male dog? Urethrohydropropulsio Prescrotal urethrostomy Scrotal urethrostomy Perineal urethrostomy ```

Urethrohydropropulsio

What is the advantage of scrotal urethrostomy? Castration can prevent urinary incontinence The perineal urethrostomy can be avoided Easily dissectable urethral section, wider and safer stoma The cystotomy can be avoided

Easily dissectable urethral section, wider and safer stoma

Which of the following findings indicate the diagnosis of bladder rupture? If the cystourethral catheterization cannot harvest urine in a traumatised patient If the urine is bloody obtained via cystourethral catheterisation in a traumatised patient If the contrast leakage is confirmed by positive anterograde cystography If the contrast leakage is confirmed by positive retrograde cystography

If the contrast leakage is confirmed by positive retrograde cystography

``` Which of the followings is the most informative one for diagnosing ectopic ureter? Cystoscopy Double contrast cystography Intravenous urography pneumocystography Urinary scintigraphy (TcO4) ```

ntravenous urography pneumocystography

``` Which of the following tools/findings is of lowest diagnostic value in the diagnosis of urinary bladder tumors? Double contrast cystography Ultrasonography Urine sediment analysis/cytology Therapy-irresponsive hematuria ```

Therapy-irresponsive hematuria

Which statement is FALSE? In glomerular proteinuria, large proteins are excreted in the urine In tubular proteinuria, the urinary protein/creatinine ratio (UPC) is very high Borderline proteinuria means UPC is between 0.2 and 0.4/0.5 (cats/dogs)

In tubular proteinuria, the urinary protein/creatinine ratio (UPC) is very high

Choose the correct answer! High-dose maintenance fluid theraåy (> 100 ml/kg/day) for acute kidney injury: It increases diuresis, thus “flushes” the kidneys faster May cause interstitial edema in the kidneys, that decreases GFR and renal blood flow Ensures adequate daily fluid intake in anorexic animals In anuria, it ensures that renal function and urine production are restored quickly

May cause interstitial edema in the kidneys, that decreases GFR and renal blood flow

``` Most effective gastric protectant for dogs with chronic kidney disease is: Pantoprazole Famotidine Sucralfate Benazepril ```

Pantoprazole

``` Which one of the following is the most likely diagnosis in dogs in case of hematuria? Urolithiasis Benign prostate hypertrophy Bacterial cystitis Neoplasma ```

Bacterial cystitis

``` Renal cysts … Are always congenital Are always bilateral Are mainly incidental findings Generally cause renal failure ```

Are mainly incidental findings

``` NOT a typical laboratory alteration in CKD: Hypokalemia Anemia Hyperphosphatemia Metabolic alkalosis ```

Metabolic alkalosis

``` IRIS stage-1 chronic renal failure is associated with … azotemia Anemia, metabolic acidosis Uremia Decreased USG ```

Anemia, metabolic acidosis

Which statement is TRUE about immune-complex glomerulonephritis? diagnosis can be made based on the typical ultrasound image of kidneys urine protein/creatinine ratio is typically high an important element of therapy is broad-spectrum antibiotic treatment serum albumin level is increased

urine protein/creatinine ratio is typically high

IRIS classification of CKD. Which answer is wrong? there are 4 stages determined by the serum creatinine level in stage 1 the creatinine level is only mildly elevated therese are substages based on the presence of proteinuria there are substages based on the degree of hypertension

in stage 1 the creatinine level is only mildly elevated

``` This feline lower urinary tract disease can be accompanied by crystalluria: idiopathic cystitis urolithiasis bacterial cystitis all three ```

idiopathic cystitis

What is NOT true for feline interstitial cystitis (FIC)? antibiotics are useless affected cats mostly fed by dry food effected cats are mostly outdoor animals affected cats are mostly neutered animals

effected cats are mostly outdoor animals

Which circumstances may cause nephrosis/acute kidney injury? Which answer is wrong? hypotension, dehydration overhydration with crystalloid infusions hypothermia, NSAID therapy antibiotics, chemotherapy

overhydration with crystalloid infusions

``` The application of this drug is NOT recommended to improve the appetite of cats with chronic kidney disease? mirtazapine vitamin B preparations maropitant pantoprazole ```

pantoprazole

To determine the urine concentrating ability of the kidneys we use: determination of blood urea level determination of urinary total protein/creatinine ratio (UPC) determination of urine specific gravity with a refractometer determination of blood creatinine and SDMA levels

determination of urinary total protein/creatinine ratio (UPC)

``` Ectopic ureters.. which answer is wrong? are usually causing constant urine dripping are occuring only in females can be diagnosed by x-ray or CT-exam can be diagnosed with cystoscopy ```

are occuring only in females

``` Which urinary stone type can not be dissolved medically? struvite cystine purine calcium-oxalate ```

calcium-oxalate

Which is NOT an indications for dialysis treatment anuric acute kidney injury polyuric acute kidney injury unresponsive to fluid therapy chronic renal failure, renal fibrosis removal of toxins in case of acute toxicosis

chronic renal failure, renal fibrosis

``` The creatinine level of dogs and cats with IRIS stage 1 chronic kidney disease is; Normal >240 umol/l >340 umol/l >440 umol/ ```

Normal

Oliguria in the dog/etiology? Chronic renal disease, nephrosis/nephritis, pyometra Inadequate water intake, dehydration, acute nephrosis Dehydration, renal insufficiency, chronic liver disease Endocrine disorders, hepatopathies

Inadequate water intake, dehydration, acute nephrosis

``` Which of the following procedures is not recommended for surgical resolution of prostatic cysts? Marsupialisation Omentalisation Drainage Puncture ```

Puncture

``` In dogs, which type of urolithiasis can be affected by housing conditions, lifestyle and body condition? Struvite Calcium oxalate Purine Cystine ```

Calcium oxalate

``` In dogs, which type of urolithiasis can be affected by housing conditions, lifestyle and body condition? Struvite Calcium oxalate Purine Cystine ```

Calcium oxalate

``` Which of the following uroliths is surely radiodense? Struvite Calcium-oxalate Ammonium-urate Cystine ```

Calcium-oxalate

``` Symptoms of lower urinary tract disease in small animals? Which answer is wrong? Hematuria, pollakiuria stranguria, dysuria polyuria, azotaemia Periuria, incontience ```

polyuria, azotaemia ?

``` What is the cause of purine urolithiasis? Hyperuricosuria Portosystemic shunt Chronic liver disease All of them above ```

Portosystemic shunt

Polydipsia/definition/dog and cat Dog and cat: water intake more than 50 ml/bwkg/day Dog: water intake more than 80-100 ml/bwkg/day, cat: water intake more than 50/mlbwkg/day Dog and cat: water intake more than 100 ml/bwkg/day Dog: water intake more than 50 ml/bwkg/, Cat: water intake more than 100 ml/bwkg/day

Dog: water intake more than 80-100 ml/bwkg/day, cat: water intake more than 50/mlbwkg/day

``` Renal proteinuria can be decreased by: Renal diet Antihypertensive drugs ACE-inhibitors A, B and C are true ```

Renal diet

``` Typical symptoms of renal tubular acidosis Metabolic acidosis Incontinence Polyuria, polydipsia Bone development disorders ```

Metabolic acidosis

Which is the least important to establish the diagnosis of kidney disease? blood urea and creatinine measurement measurement of blood phosphorus, calcium, and potassium levels urine sediment evaluation and urine specific gravity measurement detection of proteinuria

measurement of blood phosphorus, calcium, and potassium levels (?)

SAM4 MT 1 Flashcards

(89 cards)