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Statistics: Design and Analysis > Sample Surveys > Flashcards

Sample Surveys Flashcards

(54 cards)

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1
Q

Target Population

A

The set of units from the population to be studied

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2
Q

Survey population

A

Frame is the list that allows us to access the survey
population

A complete non-overlapping list of the persons or objects in the population

The survey population is the population who can be
reached via this sampling frame

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3
Q

Sample

A

Selected from the sampling frame, the group from which measurements will be sought

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4
Q

Responding Sample

A

The group of people or objects that are successfully
measured
Data collection from the responding sample, e.g.
questionnaire

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5
Q

Objectives

A

research questions

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6
Q

Resources

A

money/ budget, constraints, people, alternative data sources

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7
Q

Population of interest

A

details of population (scope)

units, reference period, geographic coverage

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8
Q

Sampling frame

A

is a list which enables us to sample and
contact members of the population

list of units, extra information
does it correspond to target population?

examples:
electronic or hard copy white pages
random digit dialing frame is every 10 digit number
society membership
customer database
Medicare members
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9
Q

Planning a Survey

A 
Objectives
Resources
Population of interest
Sampling frame
data collection
analysis plan
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10
Q

Sample Survey Process

A 
Define research objectives
Choose mode of collection and choose sampling frame
Construct and pretest questionnaire
Design and select sample
Design and implement data collection
Code nd edit data
Make postsurvey adjustments
Perform analysis
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11
Q

Units

A 
what are the objects we want to sample and
measure?
-people
-households
-businesses (what definition?)
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12
Q

Scope

A

who is in and who is out

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13
Q

Reference period

A

e. g. permanent residents as of 1/1/2015?

e. g. businesses in operation as of 1/7/2016?

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14
Q

Over-coverage

A

People in the survey population not in the target population

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15
Q

Under-coverage

A

People in the target population not in the survey population

If `coverage rate’ is too low, then may change the target population to something more achievable

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16
Q

Coverage rate

A

What target population is feasible?

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17
Q

Collection method

A

e.g. if frame has phone numbers only, then must use a

phone survey etc

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18
Q

Sampling design

A

If we want to target our sample in some way (e.g. select more women than men), we can only do this using information on the frame!

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19
Q

Probability sampling

A

is preferable in most situations

everyone in the survey population has a chance of being selected

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20
Q

Simple random sampling

A

every sample is equally likely
N is the population size, n is the sample size
assign a random number (1, …, N) to every unit and take
the n units with the smallest values
there are many other designs - seek advice!
e.g. a sample of streets, take all residents

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21
Q

Sample Designs

A 
Simple Random Sampling
Convenience Sampling
Systematic Sampling
Cluster Sampling
Stratified Sampling
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22
Q

Stratified sampling

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A

simple random sample is taken from each strata the

population has been divided into (e.g. states)

23
Q

Systematic sampling

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A

the elements of a frame are ordered and then chosen

systematically (e.g. every 10th element)

24
Q

Cluster sampling

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A

the population is divided into clusters/groups (e.g. city
blocks) and a sample of the clusters is selected, then
sample all the units within each selected cluster

25
Multistage sampling
like cluster sampling, but elements within each cluster are randomly selected
26
Main goal in surveys is to
compare between subgroups, or to compare across time
27
Responding Sample
Is an attempt to survey all units in the sample. Some will not be contactable Some will refuse to participate Some will be ineligible for the survey (over-coverage)
28
Response rate
is an important measure of quality
29
Non-respondents
may be systematically different to respondents, leading to substantial bias
30
Improving Response Rate
An introductory statement, stating the relevance of the survey and reassuring and true statements about confidentiality Professional appearance & conduct of interviewer Survey organisation has a good reputation Good questionnaire/interview design Survey not too long Callbacks Incentives Collection method
31
Collection Methods
Mail Telephone Field Interview Internet Survey
32
Mail
relatively cheap response rates may be poor: may need 3 mail-based follow-ups
33
Telephone
require a frame of telephone numbers coverage imperfect call-backs needed
34
Field Interview
face to face interview | more detailed information and complex sequencing are possible
35
Internet Survey
new area | obvious challenges are coverage and response rate
36
Prototype form
Like a draft form of the survey
37
Pilot Study
Visit a small sample of individuals from the population Ask them to ll out the form as if received by mail Observe, ask questions as they go (hesitations etc) What did you take this to mean? Never defend the form Probe everything - introduction, explanatory notes, examples; even colour and font Need to secure their commitment
38
Professional appearance
clear, appealing and uncluttered layout more important than the number of pages
39
Consistent
typeface and fonts so that questions, instructions and explanations and examples are clearly delineated
40
First Page must have...
why the survey is being conducted believable and true statements about confidentiality the due date, how the form is to be returned title of survey and survey organisation how long the form should take to fill in
41
Questionnaire
Do not mix too many different typefaces Use boxes and boundaries to clearly define where things should be Specificc instructions and examples next to the relevant question Use dot points for instructions and explanations The design of instructions and explanations is as important as the design of the questions Consider how data entry is to be done
42
Language issues
Assume a reading age of about 12 Simple, non-technical language, e.g. help instead of facilitate Avoid negatives
43
Make the meaning clear
Provide examples if appropriate Be specific: who, what, when, where A question should be about only one topic Questions should be short, but not at the expense of clarity Questions can include memory aids such as examples and scene-setting, providing they do not lead the respondent Do not use double-barreled questions
44
Ordering questions
screen people out of questions that do not apply to them with clear sequencing make it as clear as possible what you want them to do e.g. use tick one, tick one or more, write here etc ask general questions first use transition phrases when changing topics within the questionnaire
45
Presentation
present the answer categories vertically use booklet form for the questionnaire For each question on the form ask yourself why you are asking the question
46
Sampling Error
Sample survey estimates differ (size) from the result that a complete enumeration For a probability sample - the size but not direction can be indicated from standard error Other sampling methods - not possible to estimate Reduce sampling errors by using probability sampling methods
47
Types of Errors: Non-sampling Errors
``` Coverage error Non-response error Interviewer error Instrument errors Mode of data collection Respondent error ```
48
Coverage Error
some units were not on the sampling frame
49
Non-response error
errors because some selected units could not be contacted or refused to provide the information
50
Interviewer error
interviewers may affect the responses
51
Instrument errors
errors or differences due to the way the questions are asked or the instructions are given
52
Mode of data collection
different answers to the same question may be obtained when using different modes
53
Respondent Error
errors due to faulty reporting by the respondent
54
Reducing Non-Sampling Error
Careful design of survey instrument Training interviewers Pretesting the survey Input editing: Remove any apparently contradictory data items e.g. male but pregnant, employed but under 15, etc Output editing: Integrity checks, unexpected results, e.g. prevalence of a condition much higher in one state than another

Statistics: Design and Analysis (4 decks)

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