Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM


Top Flashcards (Certified)
All Flashcards

Histology (C&T) > Samples and staining > Flashcards

Samples and staining Flashcards

(68 cards)

Start Studying
1
Q

What does histology deal with?

A

Tissue (formed by cells)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

What I tissue?

A

Discrete, organised cluster of cells having similar morphological characteristics

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

4 types of tissue

A

Epithelial
Muscular
Nervous
Connective

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

What is the standard microscope called?

A

Light transmission microscope

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

What do samples in light microscopes need to be?

A

Transparrent

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

How much can we magnify an object under the the light microscope?

A

1000x - 1500x

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

What field does a light microscope work in?

A

Bright field (whole sample is illuminated)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

What kind of sample can be observed under light microscope?

A

Transparrent sample, sections of things like for example liver (often stained)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

What is fixation?

A

Process that inactivates degradative enzymes and thus preserves cells and tissue structure

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

What is the first step to preparing a sample?

A

Fixation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

What is the second step in preparing a sample?

A

Dehydration

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

What is dehydration?

A

Water of tissue is removed through a series of increasingly concentrated alcohol solutions (ending with 100% alcohol) which replaces water

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

What is often used in fixation?

A

Formaldehyde

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

What is the third step in preparing a sample?

A

Clearing

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

What is clearing?

A

Removing of alcohol in organic solvent in chive both alcohol and paraffin are miscible

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

What is the fourth (and most important) step in preparing a sample?

A

Infiltration

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

What is infiltration?

A

Allows substance (paraffin) to infiltrate tissue which creates a solid block which makes it easier to cut

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

What is used to cut samples?

A

Microtome (sliding or rotating)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

What is the fifth step in preparing a sample?

A

Embedding

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

What happens after a sample is cut?

A

It is dried

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

What can you do if you need a sample looked at under a microscope quickly?

A

Snap freezing (in liquid nitrogen)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

What is staining useful for?

A

Being able to see the sample clearly and decode/understand what we’re looking at

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

Most important and popular staining

A

Hematoxylin Eosin (H&E)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

With H&E what color does cell nuclei stain?

A

Blue

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
With H&E what color does most components of the cell cytoplasm stain?
Pink/red
26
How does hematoxylin get its color?
It is oxidated and sorted with a metal salt which turn it into a color compound used for staining
27
What does it mean that nuclei are basophilic structures, they're basophiles?
They bind well to basic compounds It's an acids
28
What does nuclei stain well with?
Something that is positively charged, basic
29
Why do nuclei stain well with something that is positively charged?
Because they are basophilic
30
What is the cytoplasm of a cell?
Eosinophilic
31
What does it mean that the cytoplasm of a cell is acidophilic/eosinophilic?
Binds well to acids
32
What is the PAS method of staining used for?
Staining carbohydrates and glycoproteins
33
How many dyes does Masson's trichrome use?
3
34
What color does Masson's trichrome stain kreatin and muscle fibers?
Red
35
What color does Masson's trichrome stain collagen and bone?
Blue
36
What color does Masson's trichrome stain cytoplasm?
Light red or pink
37
What color does Masson's trichrome stain cell nuclei?
Dark brown
38
What I the May-Grünwald-giemsa mainly used for?
Smear preparations of blood and bone marrow cells
39
Method of staining to get most precise idea of location and structure of cells
Immunochemistry/immunohistochemistry
40
What does immunochemistry staining rely on?
The use of antibodies to highlight the precedes of specific targets in a sample
41
What is the direct immunochemistry?
Antibodies that have been previously functionalized with the molecules that allow us to detect it with a fluorescent light or an enzyme
42
What is the antibody that is directed against the antigen in the sample called?
Primary antibody
43
What is the primary antibody in the indirect approach?
Just a simple antibody without any labelling
44
What is the primary antibody in the direct approach?
Antibody labeled with for example fluorescent light
45
What are polyclonal antibodies?
Several clones of antibodies for all the different epitopes are made for that antigen Increases likelihood of staining because even if one epitope is destroyed in processing there are antibodies fitting for the others
46
What are monoclonal antibodies?
One type of antibody is isolated and it fits to one kind of epitope
47
Where do antibodies attach to antigens?
Epitopes
48
What can monoclonal antibodies do that is useful?
They can sometimes differentiate between conformational state of the protein
49
How are antibodies labeled?
Attached to another molecule (conjugation)
50
Example of molecules/things used for conjugation/labelling of antibodies?
Biotin HRP (enzyme) Fluorophore Magnetic bead Agarose
51
What is needed to observe samples stained with fluorophores?
Microscope equipped for fluorescence (immunofluorescence). Light with filter which selects/only allows passage of that specific wavelenght
52
Can a fluorescent sample be observed even if it is not transparrent?
Theoretically yes, the light doesn't go through it, it is reflected (adept fluorescence)
53
What do you need to do/add when using enzymes to label antibodies?
Add substrate/chemical compound that can be attacked by the enzyme and turns colourful
54
What is bright field microscopy?
No staining or fixation, only the two pigment cells can be seen
55
What is phase-contrast microscopy?
Often used with living cells. Structures with different refractive indices affect in-phase and produce an image of these features in all the cells Special filters added to microscope
56
What phenomenon does phase-contrast microscopy use?
Destructive and constructive interference
57
How does dark field microscopy work?
Deviate the light rays in such a way that they would not reach the eye piece
58
What is confocal microscopy?
A technique to increase precision of image you're looking at
59
What is polarising microscopy?
Polarisers (2 sets) select one orientation of the light which the light which goes through. Some light goes through both polarisers and that is then what is visible.
60
How does a stereomicroscope work?
Light source from the top illuminates the sample off of which the light is reflected
61
What is the limit of the resolution of a light transmission microscope?
0.2 micrometers/ 200 nanometers
62
What are the two main kinds of electron microscopes?
Transmission electron microscope, the tem Scanning electron microscope, the sem
63
Do the electrons pass through the sample in an electron microscope?
Yes, through and to the detector which convert the electron beam into an image
64
What does the TEM microscope function like?
Light microscope but with electrons
65
What does the SEM microscope function like?
Stereo microscope, the electron beam is reflected by the sample
66
Which electron microscope gives a 3d image of the surface?
SEM/scanning electron microscope You don't see the inside but get the outside in great detail
67
What is used to stain a sample when using a TEM microscope?
Specific metal salts
68
What is the sample coated with when using a SEM microscope?
Metal, for example gold

Histology (C&T) (2 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions