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A Level Biology - 4.1.2 Biodiversity > Sampling > Flashcards

Sampling Flashcards

(62 cards)

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1
Q

What is the result of sampling?

A

An estimate number in the whole habitat

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2
Q

What is sampling?

A

Counting the number of species and number of individuals in each species in a small proportion of the habitat

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3
Q

What does sampling allow?

A

Predictions and generalisations about number, type of species, distributions of organisms and their traits

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4
Q

What is a minimum to sample?

A

10%

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5
Q

What are the issues with sampling?

A

It is never entirely representative due to sampling bias or chance

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6
Q

What is sampling bias?

A

Selection may be biased either by accident or on purpose

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7
Q

How do you reduce the effect of sampling bias?

A

Random sampling where no human involvement in choosing

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8
Q

What is chance?

A

Organisms selected may be by chance and aren’t representative

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9
Q

How can the effects of chance be reduced?

A

By using a larger sample size

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10
Q

What are the 2 types of sampling?

A

Random and non random

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11
Q

What is the method of random sampling?

A
  1. Use a grid of measuring tapes
  2. Random number generator gives co-ordinates
  3. Sample at the point
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12
Q

What are strengths of random sampling?

A

It avoids bias, each area has the same probability of being chosen and you can analyse statistically

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13
Q

What are the 3 types of non-random sampling?

A

Opportunistic, systematic and stratified

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14
Q

What is opportunistic sampling?

A

Sample organisms that happen to be present so might not be representative

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15
Q

What is systematic sampling?

A

Sample different identified areas using a transect

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16
Q

What is stratified sampling?

A

Divide organisms into subgroups and sample according to size of group

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17
Q

What are strengths of non random sampling?

A

It can measure the variety of distribution patterns at the site and good to measure change

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18
Q

How do you measure population size?

A

Mark, release and recapture

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19
Q

What is the equation to measure population size?

A

N = Mn / m

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20
Q

What is N?

A

The populations size to be estimated

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21
Q

What is M?

A

The number of members of the population that are captured and initially tagged

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22
Q

What is n?

A

The number of members of the population that are captured subsequently

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23
Q

What is m?

A

The number of members of this subsequent captured population that are tagged

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24
Q

What are the types of quadrants?

A

Frame, grid, and point

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25
What is a frame quadrant?
A square sub-divided frame for easy estimation
26
What is a quadrat used for?
Non-mobile species
27
How do you use a frame quadrat?
Count number of individuals or estimate percentage cover when cannot count
28
What is a grid quadratic?
Has 100 squares so better estimate for percentage cover so can count better
29
What are quadrats used to measure?
Density, frequency and percentage cover
30
How do you measure density using a quadrat?
If an individual plant can be seen, count number per quadrat
31
What is a strength of calculating density?
It is an absolute measure instead of an estimate
32
How do you measure frequency using a quadrat?
Work out frequency of occurrence per quadrat
33
When do you use frequency?
When individual members of a species are hard to count
34
When do you use percentage cover?
For speed
35
How do you measure percentage cover using a quadrat?
Eye estimate of area within quadrat that plant cover
36
What are line transects?
Mark a line along the ground and take samples at specified points
37
What is a belt transect?
Two parallel lines are marked, and sampled are taken of marked area
38
How do you use a line or belt transect?
Place a quadrat at either intervals or continuously along tape measure
39
What is a line or belt transect used for?
To measure change over a distance
40
What is a point quadrat?
A frame contains a horizontal bar and at set intervals, long pins are pushed through bar to reach the ground
41
When do you use a point quadrat?
In dense vegetation or deeper foliage
42
What are ways of sampling animals?
Capture, tree beating, tull green funnel, light traps, pooters, pitfall traps and mammal trap
43
What is the capture method of sampling animals?
Use a sweep net or kick net where sticks and mud are kicked up then net is brought through water
44
What is tree beating?
Hit the tree and small animals are knocked out of tree into the net
45
What is a tullgren funnel?
Leaf litter is place in funnel and the light drives the animals downwards as the litter dries out, they fall through mesh screen into collecting jar with preservative
46
What are light traps?
Used to collecting moths and flying insects as attracted to the light
47
What are pooters?
Used to suck up insects or small animals for investigation, gauze/filter prevents inhalation of animals
48
What are pitfall traps?
Used to collect small animals, leave out for 24h then remove
49
What are mammal traps?
The door closes once a mammal walks into trap, have to be checked frequently due to starvation or dehydration
50
What are advantages of measuring abiotic factors?
Rapid changes can be detected, human errors are reduced, high degree of precision and data can be stored and tracked
51
How do you measure wind speed?
Anemometer
52
How do you measure light intensity?
Light meter
53
How do you measure relative humidity?
Humidity sensor
54
How do you measure pH?
pH probe
55
How do you measure temperature?
Temperature probe
56
How do you measure oxygen content in water?
Dissolved oxygen probe
57
How do you measure temperature of soil?
Soil thermometer
58
How do you measure acidity/alkalinity of soil?
Soil pH tester
59
How do you measure nitrogen concentration?
Nitrate detector
60
How do you measure mositure?
Moisture meter
61
How do you measure levels of light?
Light meter
62
How do you identify plants?
Key and loop (magnifying glass)

A Level Biology - 4.1.2 Biodiversity (6 decks)

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