Sampling, questionnaires, observations + counts

Question 1

Hypothesis

Answer 1

Prediction/statement made before data collection

Question 2

Primary data

Answer 2

Personally collected by you

Eg traffic/pedestrian counts, environmental indexes, questionnaires + land use surveys

Question 3

Secondary data

Answer 3

Collected by someone else

Eg internet, books, census + bus timetables

Question 4

Quantitative data

Answer 4

Data involving figures

Easy to present/analyse but very general

Question 5

Qualitative data

Answer 5

Written data/photos/pictures

Result of open ended questions

Question 6

Pilot survey

Answer 6

Preliminary experiment

ADV: test equipment, compare, practise, check for errors

Question 7

Why use sampling

Answer 7

Fair and unbiased way of determining characteristics of whole group
Used to study small percent of group with similar characteristics

Question 8

Random sampling

Answer 8

Everyone has equal chance of selection
Random numbers table identifies which members are sampled
Eg ask 6th person then 1st …

ADV: equal chance, most unbiased, quick/simple
DIS: completely random so not representative (eg pick only females)

Question 9

Systematic sampling

Answer 9

Easier, using regular pattern
Eg ask every 5th person or record land use every 50m
Physical geography - eg measure wind speed every 3 days

ADV: pattern, better coverage, no bias, simple
DIS: unpredictable sample (eg every 10th person happens to be female), may miss out certain groups, not equal chance

Question 10

Stratified sampling

Answer 10

Secondary data ranks group
Eg 12 districts: you may pick 4 best/worst. If rank them, then random/systematic pick 1 from each quartile

ADV: reflects balance, more representable
DIS: sample size affects reliability (too small to be accurate/see anomaly)

Question 11

Questionnaires and features

Answer 11

Gain information from individual/group of individuals

Recording sheet: circle location, decide score, tick appropriate column

Instructions
Number of questions/wording
Geographical location
Necessary info to analyse differences (time/location/recorder name)

Open ended questions - personal but not relevant/hard to analyse
Closed questions - relevant but need ‘other’ box/not personal

Question 12

Uses of questionnaires

Answer 12

Investigate sphere of influence:
Range of shops/mark locations/map advertising and delivery areas/ compare results for different shops/where they live

Investigate use of services:
Ask in city + suburbs/how many times they shop/map most used services

Farm study, factory, leisure activities, tourism, public attitudes to new developments

Question 13

Observations

Answer 13

Land use
Photos of adaptations
Observe river/coastal features

Record on map/recording sheets/field sketches/annotated photos

Decide if you survey every building or sample

Question 14

Features of recording sheet (pedestrian/traffic counts)

Answer 14

Instructions: when to start/how long for/what to count/direction
Info to identify sheet: time/date/direction/location/name of recorder
Location/name
Time
Tally scoring system: eg tally of pedestrians
Total result of tally

Question 15

How to get reliable results (counts)

Answer 15

Identify different places/points
Same time
For 10 mins (same duration)
Watches/stopwatches - comparability

Easier to present data + compare

Question 16

Why does counting at different times affect reliability

Answer 16

Unreliable

Number of pedestrians/traffic varies - shop opening hours, people going to/from work, lunchtime breaks

Question 17

Types of counts

Answer 17

Tallies - quick/simple
Traffic/pedestrian counts
Environmental/globalisation indexes - simple:
- bipolar scoring (neg to pos, 0 is average)
- subjective - do in groups with same index

Write date/time/location!!

Question 18

Instructions for traffic count

Answer 18

Safe location near road
Count in both directions for 10 mins
Use tally
Count up totals for each type at end

Question 19

How to make experiment safe

Answer 19

Weather protection - waterproofs 
Sensible footwear 
Groups 
Check weather 
Avoid slippery rocks/high tide 
Mobile 
Tell teacher the area you're in