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Zooplankton and Ecology > Sampling techniques > Flashcards

Sampling techniques Flashcards

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1
Q

What is essential to define before collecting zooplankton samples?

A

The scientific question being asked

This shapes the sampling strategy.

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2
Q

What are key considerations when defining the scientific aims of zooplankton sampling?

A
  • Biodiversity
  • Abundance
  • Biomass
  • Species composition
  • Behaviour
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3
Q

What are the process scales that should be considered in zooplankton sampling?

A
  • Short-term local scales
  • Long-term climatic scales
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4
Q

What approaches can be taken in zooplankton studies?

A
  • Theoretical
  • Experimental
  • Observational
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5
Q

What elements are included in the work plan for zooplankton sampling?

A
  • Sampling locations
  • Frequency
  • Resolution
  • Sample size
  • Pooling strategies
  • Abiotic factors
  • Analysis techniques
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6
Q

What is the main challenge in sampling zooplankton?

A

No single piece of equipment works equally well for all species and sizes

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7
Q

What factors influence the choice of sampling gear for zooplankton?

A
  • The scientific question
  • Where, when, and how the sampling is done
  • Literature reviews
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8
Q

What does the Western Channel Observatory (WCO) track?

A

Biodiversity and oceanographic changes off Plymouth

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9
Q

What method does the CMarZ (Census of Marine Zooplankton) use?

A

Multi-net systems to capture zooplankton at various depths

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10
Q

What type of sampling does the Atlantic Zone Monitoring Programme conduct?

A

Regular sampling at fixed sites and across transects

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11
Q

What is the focus of the Atlantic Meridional Transect (AMT)?

A

Compares productivity between upwelling zones and subtropical gyres

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12
Q

What types of water sampling bottles are mentioned for zooplankton collection?

A
  • Niskin
  • Go-Flow
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13
Q

What is a problem associated with using water sampling bottles for zooplankton?

A

Patchiness; one bottle may hit a plankton patch while another misses

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14
Q

How do plankton pumps operate?

A

Water is pumped through a mesh net and measured with a flowmeter

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15
Q

What is the maximum depth for deck-operated plankton pumps?

A

~80m

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16
Q

What are the three main components of nets used in zooplankton sampling?

A
  • Weighted frame
  • Mesh fabric
  • Cod-end (collection bottle)
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17
Q

What does Filtration Efficiency (FE) measure?

A

How much water actually flows through the net mesh compared to the theoretical volume

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18
Q

What does Open Area Ratio (OAR) compare?

A

The open filtering area to the net mouth area

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19
Q

What effect does mesh size have in zooplankton nets?

A

Controls the size of zooplankton captured

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20
Q

What happens if the towing speed of a net is too fast?

A

Water backs up and bypasses the net

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21
Q

What are mouth cones used for in net design?

A

Reduce turbulence at the net opening

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22
Q

What do rigid body nets (Gulf Sampler) protect?

Study These Flashcards
A

Delicate species at higher tow speeds

23
Q

What do jet nets reduce in terms of flow speeds?

Study These Flashcards
A

Internal flow speeds to protect fragile plankton

24
Q

What are Bongo Nets?

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A

Twin nets with different mesh sizes for comparative sampling. They can be closed to isolate depth layers.

25
What are Nansen Nets used for?
Triggered closing nets for targeted depth sampling.
26
What does MOCNESS stand for?
Multiple Opening/Closing Net.
27
What is the function of Midwater Trawls?
Scaled nets for different targets: tiny plankton (RMT1), krill (RMT8), and fish (RMT25). Isaacs-Kidd trawls are also used for larger plankton.
28
What are high-speed samplers designed for?
Fish eggs and larvae, particularly in fisheries surveys.
29
What does the Continuous Plankton Recorder (CPR) do?
Towed from commercial vessels, trapping plankton on silk bands for large-scale, long-term sampling.
30
How do acoustics work in non-invasive sampling?
Transmits sound waves into water; plankton reflect sound based on their size, shape, and composition.
31
What is the purpose of calibration in acoustic sampling?
To ensure accuracy by comparing with known objects (e.g., metal spheres).
32
True or False: Near-bottom species are easy to detect in acoustic sampling.
False.
33
What does target strength (TS) refer to?
It varies with species, orientation, and movement; used to infer species identity.
34
What is the significance of using multiple frequency sounders?
Different species reflect different frequencies, allowing for species distinction.
35
What do Video Plankton Recorders (VPR) capture?
Images of plankton in real-time using underwater video microscopes.
36
What is the particle size range that Laser Optical Plankton Counters (OPC) measure?
Particles between 250 µm and 2 cm.
37
Fill in the blank: The Flow Cytometer (FlowCAM) captures and classifies plankton at ______ frames per second.
1-20
38
What are the advantages of using ZooScan for image analysis?
Offers a reliable, rapid method for community analysis and matches manual counting closely.
39
What is a common fixative used for sample preservation?
Formalin (4-8%) or ethanol (70%).
40
What is required for long-term preservation of samples?
Maintaining sample pH with calcium carbonate, keeping cold and dark, or freeze-drying.
41
What is the volumetric approach to biomass estimation?
Measure settled volume or displacement volume after removing preserving liquid.
42
What does the gravimetric approach involve?
Wet Weight, Dry Weight, and Ash-Free Dry Weight measurements.
43
What does elemental analysis (CHN) measure?
Carbon, nitrogen, and phosphorus.
44
What is the purpose of published equations in biomass estimation?
They link size to biomass, allowing for rapid conversion between measurement types.
45
What are the 'Grand Challenges' in plankton research?
* Ocean productivity (eutrophication, stratification), * Redistribution of species due to warming, * Introduced/invasive species, * Ocean acidification, * Match-mismatch and fisheries impacts, * Biodiversity and ecosystem function changes, * Ocean deoxygenation (expanding OMZs).
46
How are big questions in plankton research addressed?
Identify trends with long-term datasets (distribution, abundance) and hypothesis-testing via controlled experiments. ## Footnote Requires collaborative, interdisciplinary monitoring and data sharing.
47
What is the Atlantic Meridional Transect (AMT)?
An annual multidisciplinary cruise from the UK to the South Atlantic (since 1995) collecting spatially extensive, internally consistent biological, chemical, and physical ocean data to study plankton ecosystems and carbon cycling.
48
Key achievements of the AMT programme
29 cruises (30th in 2023), 75 PhD theses, 300 research papers. Data include chlorophyll vs. latitude, zooplankton size, biomass & abundance.
49
What is the Continuous Plankton Recorder (CPR) Survey?
World's longest and most geographically extensive marine survey (since 1931). Tows at 5–10m depth by merchant ships. Analyzes 5,500+ samples/year and tracks 698+ plankton taxa; part of GACS (since 2011).
50
What is CalCOFI and why was it established?
California Cooperative Oceanic Fisheries Investigations (CalCOFI) began in 1949 to study the collapse of the California sardine fishery. It now surveys 75–104 stations and collects broad ecological data (CTD, plankton nets, primary production, etc.).
51
What is the Bermuda Atlantic Time-series Study (BATS)?
Started in 1988 to study biogeochemical cycles in the Sargasso Sea. Includes monthly cruises with CTD rosette (0–4500 m), sediment traps, and production measurements of plankton and bacteria.
52
What is the Western Channel Observatory (WCO)?
L4 (coastal) and E1 (open shelf) stations in the Western English Channel. L4 sampled weekly since 1988. Tracks zooplankton, phytoplankton, and physical parameters using nets, CTD, and autonomous buoys.
53
What is ICES WGZE and what does it do?
The ICES Working Group on Zooplankton Ecology monitors 37 N. Atlantic sampling sites + 40 CPR areas. Produces annual zooplankton status reports and promotes standardization and collaboration in data collection.
54
What open access databases host plankton data?
OBIS: Ocean Biogeographic Information System (www.iobis.org), COPEPOD: NOAA Copepod database (www.st.nmfs.noaa.gov/copepod/), BODC: British Oceanographic Data Centre (www.bodc.ac.uk), holds AMT, WCO, PRIME data.

Zooplankton and Ecology (13 decks)

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