SAQ 2014

Question 1

What are 4 functions of the cell plasma membrane?

Answer 1

Acts as semi-permeable membrane
Hosts cell membrane receptors
Regulates what goes in and out of cell
Separates intracellular cell contents from extracellular cell contents

Question 2

What are the 3 lipid groups that make up the plasma membrane?

Answer 2

Phospholipids
Glycolipids
Sphingolipids
Cholesterol

Question 3

Two organelles in the cell which are derived from the plasma membrane, involved in protein synthesis and repackaging?

Answer 3

Golgi apparatus

Rough endoplasmic reticulum

Question 4

Which organelle in the cell does the tricarboxylic cycle occur in?

Answer 4

Mitochondria

Question 5

If BP = blood pressure, PVR = peripheral vascular resistance, and CO = cardiac output, write an equation that indicates the interrelationship between these parameters?

Answer 5

BP = CO x PR

Question 6

Which type of blood vessel is the major site of peripheral vascular resistance?

Answer 6

Arterioles

Question 7

State three metabolic or physiological factors that reduce peripheral vascular resistance.

Answer 7

Nitric oxide/metabolic breakdown products, hypoxia, hypercapnia, reduced sympathetic stimulation, parasympathetic stimulation

Question 8

List two anatomical sites where arterial baroreceptors are located

Answer 8

Aortic arch

Carotid sinus

Question 9

State two effects that stimulating arterial baroreceptors has on systemic blood pressure

Answer 9

Decreased sympathetic nervous system stimulation, decreased arteriolar vasoconstriction, decreased blood pressure

Question 10

What is the normal systolic and diastolic blood pressure for an adult male aged 30?

Answer 10

120/80mmHg

Question 11

Which part of the stomach has parietal cells?

Answer 11

Fundus and body

Question 12

2 secretions of parietal cells, 1 secretion of chief cells

Answer 12

intrinsic factor and HCl; pepsinogen

Question 13

How do NSAIDs predispose you to peptic ulcers in the stomach?

Answer 13

Block COX → reduce PG production → reduced mucosal defence

Question 14

Explain how food in the duodenum can stimulate the downregulation of parietal cells in the stomach.

Answer 14

Somatostatin + CCK inhibit gastrin and histamine. Somatostatin release from pancreas inhibits HCl production by parietal cells.

Question 15

Dietary nutrient and amino acid required for hormone secreted by thyroid follicular epithelial cells

Answer 15

Dietary nutrient: Iodine

Amino acid: Tyrosine

Question 16

What two proteins in the blood do the hormones from the thyroid bind to?

Answer 16

Albumin; thyroxine binding protein; transthyretin

Question 17

The hormone acts on all cells in the body. Where are the receptors found?

Answer 17

nucleus

Question 18

Name the hormones synthesised in the 3 layers of the adrenal cortex

Answer 18

glomerulosa - aldosterone
fasciculata - cortisol
reticularis - DHEA

Question 19

What enzyme is present in Zona glomerulosa that is not present anywhere else?

Answer 19

aldosterone synthetase

Question 20

Hormone used to detect pregnancy. Do not abbreviate

Answer 20

Human chorionic gonadotropin

Question 21

3 Cardiovascular changes in pregnancy

Answer 21

Increased cardiac output, decreased blood pressure, decreased total peripheral resistance, increased uterine blood flow

Question 22

Hormone that prevents myometrial contraction during pregnancy

Answer 22

Progesterone

Question 23

What two hormones are secreted in the kidney?

Answer 23

Renin, Erythropoietin

Question 24

What hormones are secreted elsewhere but activated in the kidney?

Answer 24

Calcidiol, Angiotensinogen

Question 25

What is the formula for anion gap?

Answer 25

(Cl- + HCO3-(Na+ + K+) -)

Question 26

Name the 3 joints in the synovial cavity in the knee?

Answer 26

``` Medial Tibiofemoral (condyloid) Lateral Tibiofemoral (condyloid) Patellofemoral (gliding) ```

Question 27

Which type of collagen is found in articular cartilage?

Answer 27

Type II

Question 28

What is the difference between analgesic and anaesthetic?

Answer 28

Analgesic - loss of pain. Dulls sensation of pain. | Anaesthetic - loss of pain, temperature and touch. Blocks the sensation of pain.

Question 29

2 types of fibres analgesics work on?

Answer 29

C fibres, A-delta fibres

Question 30

How does lignocaine (local anaesthetic) work?

Answer 30

Sodium channel blocker, prevents depolarisation and transmission of pain sensation

Question 31

Why would you get referred pain to the shoulder with gallbladder/diaphragmatic irritation?

Answer 31

Both innervated by C5

Question 32

non-surgical, non-pharmaceutical methods of relieving pain?

Answer 32

Cognitive Behavioural Therapy, Hypnosis, Aerobic Exercise, Meditation, Hydrotherapy

Question 33

Definition of distress. Definition of eustress

Answer 33

Distress: Negative stress, damaging and harmful Eustress: Positive stress, beneficial and motivating

Question 34

Signs of stress - 4 types and 4 examples apart from physiological

Answer 34

Biochemical - Altered endorphin levels, increase in cortisol Behavioural - Increase in absenteeism, smoking and alcohol Cognitive - Negative thoughts, loss of concentration Emotional - Tearful, mood swings, irritable, aggressive, apathy

Question 35

What chronic stressors apart from work should the doctor ask about?

Answer 35

Relationships, unstable financial status, lack of friends, poor physical health

Question 36

Name 2 non-pharmacological factors which mediate the effect of stress?

Answer 36

Social support, beliefs, personality, lifestyle, exercise

Question 37

Which part of the brain is the somatosensory and motor cortex in? Be specific.

Answer 37

Left parietal lobe, post-central gyrus; Left frontal lobe- pre-central gyrus

Question 38

Which part of the Circle of Willis supplies: hand? leg?

Answer 38

Middle Cerebral Artery; Anterior Cerebral Artery

Question 39

Wife tries to talk to him. Man is responsive but his response is incomprehensible. What is the motor speech part and which lobe of the brain is affected.

Answer 39

Broca’s area | Frontal lobe of the dominant hemisphere

Question 40

What is the internal capsule?

Answer 40

Projection fibre | Axons from motor cortex to deep brain structures

Question 41

What type of lesion affecting the motor neurone of the facial nerve?

Answer 41

LMN