SAQ 5 Flashcards
0
Q
Anterior pituitary
A
Gh, prolactin, tsh, ACTH, FSH, LH
1
Q
Pineal
A
Melatonin
2
Q
Posterior pituitary
A
Adh, oxytocin
3
Q
Thyroid
A
T3, T4, calcitonin
4
Q
Parathyroid
A
PTH
5
Q
Thymus
A
Thymosin
6
Q
Adrenal medulla
A
Norepinephrine, epinephrine
7
Q
Adrenal cortex
A
Cortisol, aldosterone
8
Q
Pancreatic islets
A
Insulin, glucagon, somatostatin
9
Q
Ovaries, corpus luteum and placenta
A
Progesterone, estrogen, hpl, hcg, hcs
10
Q
Testes
A
Testosterone
11
Q
Adipocyte
A
Leptin
12
Q
Heart
A
ANP
13
Q
Liver
A
Somatomedin c
14
Q
Kidney
A
Renin
15
Q
Regulates mood, sexual development, response to light
A
Melatonin
16
Q
Promotes growth of body tissues
A
Growth hormone
17
Q
Reabsorption of water by the kidney
A
ADH
18
Q
Increases metabolic rate, normal growth
A
Thyroxine
19
Q
Regulates calcium levels in the blood
A
Pth/ calcitonin
20
Q
Promotes T cell growth
A
Thymosin
21
Q
Increase in blood pressure and heart rate
A
Norepinephrine and epinephrine
22
Q
Metabolism of carbs, protein and fats
A
Cortisol
23
Q
Decreases blood sugar levels
A
Insulin
24
Stimulates milk secretion
Prolactin
25
Stimulates thyroid gland
TSH
26
Contraction of the uterus/ milk ejection
Oxytocin
27
Stimulates liver to release glucose
Glucagon
28
Decreases calcium levels in the blood
Calcitonin
29
Regulates electrolytes and water balance
Aldosterone
30
Stimulates adrenals, stress response
ACTH
31
Growth/ development of 1* and 2* sex characteristics
Testosterone and estrogen
32
Name 4 chemical messengers
1- neurotransmitters
2- paracrines
3- autocrines
4- cytokines
33
Epinephrine is a type of __________ __________ that is secreted by the adrenal medulla
Amine hormone
34
For __________, their intracellular communication has a type of secretion that goes in to the interstitial fluid then in to nearby ______ ____.
paracrines
target cells
35
name the three classes of hormones
1- proteins/ peptides
2- steroids
3- amines
36
name 3 places that secrete proteins and polypeptides
1- hypothalmus
2- pituitary gland
3- parathyroid gland
37
amines are derivatives of _________ and are secreted by the thyroid gland and adrenal medulla
tyrosine
38
TRH,GnRH, GRH, GHRH and somatostatinare secreted by the __________.
hypothalamus
39
the ________ _________ gland secretes ACTH, TSH, FSH, LH, PRL and GH. The posterior pituitary gland secretes _______ and _____. the pancreas secretes _______, _______ and _______. the __________ secretes the hormones gastrin,cck, secretin, GIP, somatostatin and GLP 1
anterior pituitary
oxytocin
ADH
Insulin
Glucagon
somatostatin
GI tract
40
peptide hormones are first synthesized by the transcription process to make _____, which attaches to ribosomes and gets translated into a _________. It then gets processed in the _________ __________to result in prohormones.
mRNA
Preprohormone
Endoplasmic Reticulum
41
the 2 more important mechanisms of action for protein hormones are the ________ ______ and _______ mechanisms.the hormones ACTH, FSH, somatostatin and the v2 receptor of ADH go through the ______ _______ and GnRH, TRH, ANG II, and the v1 receptor go through the _______ mechanisms
andenylyl cyclase
Phospholipid
andenylyl cyclase
Phospholipid
42
name the 3 hormones secreted by the adrenal cortex
cortisol, aldosterone, androgens
43
the hormones estrogen and progesterone are secreted by ________, ______________, _________
ovaries, corpus luteum and placenta
44
amine hormones are secreted by which 3 glands/ tissues
hypothalamus, thyroid and adrenal medulla
45
______ hormones increase protein synthesis and ______ hormones increase gene transcription in the cell nucleus
steroid
thyroid
46
control of hormonal secretion is usually part of a negative feedback loop called _______ _______. endocrine gland secretions may be influenced by _______ _______ ______; that fact emphasizes the close functional relationship between the 2 systems.
endocrine reflexes
nervous system input
47
______ feedback is the most common type of regulation and ________ feedback is the most rare. _______ feedback happens during the mid-cycle of the menstural cycle. it increases the hormones _____ and _____; during the mid cycle,a spike in LH will trigger _________. FSH and LH are secreted by the ______ _______ and in turnproduce more ________. the hormone oxytocin is also a positive feedback because it induces _________________ to deliver the baby
negative
positive
positive
FSH, LH
ovulation
anterior pituitary
estradiol
contractions/ labor
48
one way to regulate hormone secretion is through a ___________ patern; hormones of the adrenal cortex like cortisol follow a ________ cycle.
cyclical (rhytmic)
24- hour
49
cyclical variations are periodic variations in hormonal release that are influenced by what 4 factors?
1- seasonal changes
2- various stages of development & aging
3- diurnal cycle
4- sleep
50
water soluble hormones are dissolved in ______ and steroid and thyroid hormones are bound to _______ ______
plasma
plasma proteins
51
clearance of hormones from the bloodare by metabolic destruction by tissues, __________________, _________________, and __________________
binding with tissues
excretion by the liver into bile
urinary excretion
52
the ________________ is the responsiveness of a target tissue to a hormone
dose-responsive relationship
53
responsiveness or sensitivity of a target tissue can be changed by: changing the _______________ and changing the ______________
number of receptors
hormone receptor affinity
54
inactivation of receptor mollecules, inactivation of the intracellular protein signaling molecules and destruction of receptors by lysosomes are examples of _________________ of hormone receptor activity
down- regulation
55
in up-regulation, theres an increase in ________________ and increased ___________ for receptors
formation of receptors
signaling molecules
56
hormone action begins when hormone binds to a membrane receptor to form a _______________. this -in many hormonal systems, is coupled to affector proteins by ________________.
hormone receptor complex
GTP-binding proteins (G- proteins)
57
name the two enzymes that are affector proteins
adenylyl cyclase
phospholipase C
58
when affector proteins are activated, second messengers like ________ or ______ are produced
cAMP
IP3
59
G proteins are a family of membrane bound proteins that couple hormonal receptors to _______ ______. they serve as _______ ______ and are ___________, meaning they have 3 subunits: a, b, y
effector enzymes
molecular switches
heterotrimeric
60
name the 3 major mechanisms of hormone action and second messengers:
1- adenylyl cyclase
2- phospholipase C
3- steroid hormone mechanisms
61
the steroid and thyroid hormone mechanism has 2 types of receptors: ________ recptors and ________ receptors. steroid hormones enter the cytoplasm to bind with ________ receptors and diffuses into the nucleus to activate or inhibit _______ ___________. if the process is activated, it produces mRNA which diffuses to the cytoplasm to get translated at the ribosomes to make protein. and the __________ CHANGE OF PROTEIN MEDIATES CELLULAR FUNCTION
cytoplasmic
nuclear
protein
gene transcription
slow (hours/ days)
62
name the 2 other mechanisms aside from the ones mentioned earlier.
1- steroid and thyroid hormone mechanism
| 2- insulin receptor mechanism
63
name the 5 causes of endocrine hyper function
```
1- neoplastic
2- autoimmune
3- iatrogenic
4- infectious/ inflammatory
5- activating receptor mutations
```
64
neoplastic is divided into malignant, benign and ectopic. list 2 conditions/ disorders that are benign
1- pituitary adenoma
| 2- hyperparathyroidism
65
the causes of decreased endocrine function are:
```
hypofunction=
1- autoimmune- hashimotos and addisons
2-introgenic- hypothyroidism
3- infections/ inflammatory
4- hormone mutations
5- enzyme defects
6-nutrional/ vitamin deficiency- vitamin D
7- hemorrhage/ infarction- sheehan's syndrome
```
