SAQAPPUSH Flashcards
(15 cards)
Briefly describe ONE specific historical continuity in relations between American Indians
and the United States in the period from 1776 to 1815.
Examples of Possible Answers
Americans continued westward expansion into territory such as the Northwest
Territory that was controlled by American Indian nations and groups but was claimed
by the United States.
The United States and American Indian nations signed treaties to establish territorial
boundaries.
White settlement continued to force American Indians to relocate westward.
The United States used military force against American Indians in order to force them
to relocate.
Briefly describe ONE specific historical change in relations between American Indians and
the United States in the period from 1776 to 1815.
Example of Possible Answers
• The Pan-Indian movement/organizations of tribes such as the Western Confederacy
were established to unify groups against United States expansion.
• Charismatic leaders like Tecumseh and Tenskwatawa (the Prophet) emerged to lead
new groups to resist United States expansion.
• A series of conflicts began between United States and Native forces such as the Battle
of Fallen Timbers, the Battle of Tippecanoe, and the Northwest Indian War.
• Large areas in the Northwest Territory were ceded to the United States through
treaties such as the Treaty of Greenville and the Treaty of Fort Wayne.
• Some American Indians allied with the British against the United States in the
Revolutionary War and/or the War of 1812 in order to gain restrictions on further
White settlement.
Briefly explain how ONE historical development in the period from 1815 to 1848 arose
from earlier changes in relations between American Indians and the United States.
Examples of Possible Answers
• Earlier efforts to remove American Indians from the Northwest Territory served as a
model for Cherokee Removal from the southeastern United States.
Picture on desktop*
a) Briefly describe ONE historical perspective expressed in the image.
Artist supports Manifest Destiny and the spread of United States settlers westward; image
suggests that American civilization is spreading.
• Image in upper left suggests explorers discovering land that appears to be unoccupied.
• The image of the wagon train in the center suggests progress and movement of people westward.
• The image may connote that homesteading and establishing new farms will improve the West.
• Depiction of American Indians suggests that they are passive observers of United States westward
expansion/accepting of United States expansion.
• The depiction of the sun suggests the light of progress through United States westward expansion
(sun is either rising or setting).
• The image in the lower right depicts people digging for gold in California, which suggests the
many ways to profit from westward movements (e.g., fur trapping, cattle ranching, mining,
farming, commercial shipping, trade).
• All of these views associate Manifest Destiny and the western expansion of the United States with
economic progress, social and geographic mobility, religious mission, and ideas of racial
superiority.
• These views also associate Manifest Destiny with white male settlers.
b) Briefly explain how ONE specific event or development in the period from 1800 to 1850 contributed to the
process depicted in the image.
• The Louisiana Purchase added to the territory of the United States that was accessible for national
expansion.
• The War of 1812 and the defeat of Tecumseh’s Indian Confederacy opened the Old Northwest to
United States settlement.
• Promotion of the idea of opportunities in the West through the press and by journalists (e.g., John
L. O’Sullivan, Horace Greeley) encouraged Americans to move west.
• Mexican–American War and the resulting acquisition of new land by the United States opened new
land for United States settlement.
• Particular population movements into the West contributed to or facilitated westward mobility.
o Migration of family farmers for economic opportunity
o Emergence of new cities and towns in the West
o Oregon Trail allowing for westward movement
o Mormon migration
o Free-soilers moving to the West
• Expanded transportation networks (e.g., canals and railroads) facilitated westward expansion.
• Economic development of the West encouraged westward migration.
o Agricultural staple production in the Midwest
o Cotton production and slavery expanding to the West
o Growth of the internal slave trade
o Fur trade in the Pacific Northwest
o Development of extractive industries such as mining
o Gold rushes in California and elsewhere
o Development of cattle ranching
• American Indian removal led to the dispossession of land that could then be acquired by U.S.
western migrants.
Briefly explain ONE specific historical effect in the period from 1844 to 1890 that resulted from the process
depicted in the image.
• Mexican–American War and the resulting acquisition of new land for the United States.
• Controversies over the spread of slavery to the West, which ultimately led to the Civil War.
o Kansas–Nebraska Act
o Compromise of 1850
o Free Soil Party
o Foundation of the Republican Party
• Developments that contributed to the continuation of population movement into the West between
1844 and 1890.
o Migration of family farmers for economic opportunity
o Emergence of new cities and towns in the West (e.g., Chicago)
o African American “Exoduster” migration from the South
• Expanded transportation networks and greater integration of the West with the economies of the
Northeast and Midwest (e.g., transcontinental railroads).
• Continued economic development of the West.
o Farming on the Great Plains
o Largely extractive industries such as mining
o Gold rushes in California and elsewhere
o Cattle ranching
• Federal government encouragement of western development (e.g., Homestead Act, railroad land
grants, and subsidies).
Short Answer Question 2 (continued)
• United States westward expansion created conflicts between white settlers and American Indians.
o Wars between federal government and American Indians (e.g., Sand Creek massacre
(1864), General George Custer’s campaigns, Battle of Little Big Horn (1876), Dawes Act
(1887), Wounded Knee (1890))
o Forcing of American Indians onto reservations
• More interest by business leaders in gaining access to and control over external markets in Latin
America and beyond.
• Destruction of American bison (buffalo) and reduction in other natural resources in the West.
• International migrants from places such as eastern Asia came to the western United States for
labor and economic opportunities.
• The desire of white Americans to exclude nonwhite immigrants from competing for economic
opportunities in the West led to immigration restrictions such as the Chinese Exclusion Act (1882).
• Western Agrarian activists (e.g., Grangers, Farmer’s Alliance/Populists) organized to oppose the
monopolistic practices of western transportation companies and agribusinesses.
a) Briefly describe one difference between the economy of British North American colonies in the Chesapeake
region (such as Virginia and Maryland) and the economy of the middle colonies (such as Pennsylvania and
New York).
• Cash crops from the Chesapeake (such as tobacco) were typically shipped to England, while staple
crops from the middle colonies (such as wheat) were typically shipped to the Caribbean.
• The fur trade more extensive in the middle colonies and less extensive in the Chesapeake.
• There was more diversity of trade in middle colonies (e.g., furs, various agricultural products), while
trade was more narrowly focused on cash crops such as tobacco in the Chesapeake.
• The Chesapeake was more dependent upon slave plantation agriculture than the middle colonies.
• The middle colonies were more urban and had more port cities, while the Chesapeake was more rural
and had fewer and smaller urban centers.
• The middle colonies were societies with slaves (i.e., not socially dominated by slavery), versus the
Chesapeake, which was a slave society (i.e., socially organized around the principles of chattel
slavery).
• Shipbuilding and lumbering were more prevalent industries in the middle colonies than they were in
the Chesapeake region, which focused on cash crop agriculture.
b) Briefly describe one similarity between the economy of the Chesapeake colonies and the economy of the
middle colonies.
• Both the middle colonies and the Chesapeake engaged in export trade/the triangular trade.
• Both the middle colonies and the Chesapeake were part of a mercantilist system centered on Great
Britain.
• Both the middle colonies and the Chesapeake exported raw goods to/imported finished goods from
Great Britain.
• Both the economies of the middle colonies and Chesapeake were based on agricultural production for
export.
• Both the middle and Chesapeake colonies had to pay taxes to England (the response must mention
either the Navigation Acts or the mercantilist system).
Briefly explain one reason for a difference between the economy of the Chesapeake colonies and the
economy of the middle colonies.
Waterways in the Chesapeake were suitable for transport of cash crops produced closer to the coast,
while waterways in the middle colonies (e.g., the Hudson, Susquehanna, and Delaware Rivers), which
included New Netherlands, were more readily navigable and went deeper into the interior of North
American, facilitating regional commerce and the fur trade with Native Americans.
• The climate of the Chesapeake region was suitable for valuable cash crops that required a longer
growing season as opposed to the cooler climate of the middle colonies that allowed for grain crops to
be grown.
• Development of large-scale slavery in the Chesapeake facilitated cash crop production, as opposed to
the smaller scale of slavery and a greater dependency on indentured servants and immigrant labor in
the middle colonies.
• Virginia was founded by joint-stock company investors seeking profit on investments, while the middle
colonies were founded by more diverse European settlers, including religious refugees and individuals
seeking improved economic autonomy and opportunities
a) Briefly describe ONE specific historical difference between the role of religion in Spanish colonization and in
the colonization of New England
New England colonists were typically Protestant while Spanish colonists were Catholic.
NOTE: To identify Catholicism and Christianity as different is not an acceptable response.
• New England colonists were more likely than Spanish colonists to establish settlements as religious
enclaves.
• New England colonists were more likely than Spanish colonists to have settled in the Americas in
order to obtain greater religious autonomy from the state.
• Religion was one of many motivations for Spanish colonists (or a primary motivation for a minority),
whereas it was a primary motivation for many 17th-century New England colonists.
• Spanish colonists often treated colonization as a means of proselytizing native peoples while many
New England colonists sought to create separate religious communities.
• New England colonists made religion more central to government and civic engagement than did the
Spanish.
• The Spanish engaged in more extensive proselytizing among native peoples than did New England
colonists.
• The English used force to acquire land, while the Spanish used force to require religious conversion
among Native Americans.
• Spanish missions were larger and more common than conversion efforts such as New England praying
towns.
• The Spanish colonists were a majority religious group in their home countries, while the New England
colonists were a minority religious group in their home country.
b) Briefly describe ONE specific historical similarity between the role of religion in Spanish colonization and in
the colonization of New England.
Both groups of colonizers sought to proselytize Christianity (Catholicism and Puritanism) and convert
Native Americans in the New World.
• Both groups made religion part of civic life/community development.
• Native Americans in both the Southwest and New England used religion to help maintain their own
culture in the face of colonization.
• Religious issues influenced the political sphere and government for both.
• Both used religion to justify exploitive labor systems.
• Both used religion and/or ideas of religious superiority to justify land acquisition and the displacement
and domination of native people.
• Both were not tolerant of other religions in their colonies and often persecuted members of other
religious groups.
c)Briefly explain ONE specific historical effect of religion on the development of society in either the Spanish
colonies or the New England colonies.
Encomienda system
o Missions
o Large-scale conversion to Catholicism
o Pueblo Revolt
o Conflicts between church and statePuritan influence on government (e.g., Mayflower Compact, Fundamental Orders of
Connecticut)
o Local democracy in town meetings
o Half-Way Covenant
o Praying towns
o Salem witch trials
o Great Awakening
o Puritan dissenters and the creation of new colonies in Connecticut and Rhode Island (Anne
Hutchison, Roger Williams, Thomas Hooker)
o Development of religious educational institutions (Harvard)
o “City Upon a Hill” as an example of religious “greatness”
a) Briefly explain how ONE major historical factor contributed to the change depicted on the graph
Expanding market economy in the United States in the antebellum period • Opportunities for land • Homesteading, farming, and pioneering in the West • Domestic service and factory positions (textiles, shoes, etc.) in the East and Midwest • Contract immigration labor also brought over in this period • Attraction of religious freedom and/or economic opportunity for Irish and Germans • Push factors from Europe (e.g., religious persecution, Irish potato famine, lack of opportunity)
b) Briefly explain ONE specific historical effect that resulted from the change depicted on the graph. c) Briefly explain ANOTHER specific historical effect that resulted from the change depicted on the graph.
c) Briefly explain ANOTHER specific historical effect that resulted from the change depicted on the graph.
Demographic concentration of immigrants in northeastern cities. • Growing nativist (anti-immigration) movement in the United States. • Anti-Catholic movement. • Concerns about ethnic enclaves and political power of immigrants. • Formation of political parties that had a nativist platform (e.g., Know-Nothings) while other parties sought to capitalize on immigrant vote, in particular urban Democrats in New York City and Boston. • Immigrants became the labor force that built the canals and antebellum regional railroads, and they helped shaped the infrastructure of the country. • Immigration increased divisions between the North and the South: North and Upper Midwest characterized by free, immigrant labor while South and Southwest by enslaved labor. • Immigration helped shape a new national culture. • Immigrants created their own ethnic cultures within the United States. • Irish and German consumption and production of beer and wine contributed to early temperance activism.
) Briefly explain ONE specific historical effect that resulted from the change depicted on the Briefly explain ANOTHER specific historical effect that resulted from the change depicted on the graph.
Demographic concentration of immigrants in northeastern cities. • Growing nativist (anti-immigration) movement in the United States. • Anti-Catholic movement. • Concerns about ethnic enclaves and political power of immigrants. • Formation of political parties that had a nativist platform (e.g., Know-Nothings) while other parties sought to capitalize on immigrant vote, in particular urban Democrats in New York City and Boston. • Immigrants became the labor force that built the canals and antebellum regional railroads, and they helped shaped the infrastructure of the country. • Immigration increased divisions between the North and the South: North and Upper Midwest characterized by free, immigrant labor while South and Southwest by enslaved labor. • Immigration helped shape a new national culture. • Immigrants created their own ethnic cultures within the United States. • Irish and German consumption and production of beer and wine contributed to early temperance activism.
