Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM


Top Flashcards (Certified)
All Flashcards

Small Animal Medicine II > Sarcomas > Flashcards

Sarcomas Flashcards

1
Q

What are sarcomas?

A

Connective tissue/mesenchymal tumors

Spread by blood

Different behaviors depending on tissue of origin and grade

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Primary Bone Tumors

Kind

A

80% Osteosarcoma

Fibrosarcoma
Chondrosarcoma
Hemangiosarcoma

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Primary Bone Tumors

Signalment

A

Mid to older aged dogs; also peak at 18-24 months

Large/giant breeds (rare in toy breeds)

Males > Females

Neutered > Intact (Rotties)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Primary Bone Tumors

Presenting Complaint

A

Lameness

+/- swelling

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Canine Osteosarcoma

Bones inolved

A

Long Bones (Appendicular)
75% metaphyseal
Front legs > back legs
Away from the elbow and towards the knee (sometimes distal tibia)

Flat Bone (Axial)
Bones of the head, ribs, pelvis, vertebrae
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Canine Osteosarcoma

Diagnosis

A

Radiographs (must differentiate from fungal or bacterial osteomyelitis)

Cytology (Alk Phos staining; takes up stain suggesting osteosarcoma)

Histopathology (definitive diagnosis)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Canine Osteosarcoma

Staging

A

Look at lungs! -> high potential for metastasis to lung (essential to look here)

Metastasis most likely to grow after primary tumor removed!

CT is far more sensitive and recommended if considering amputation (can pick up on smaller sized mets)

1 lung lesion is alright but when there are multiple be careful

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Canine Osteosarcoma

If see mets in lung what should you consider?

A

Possibly not amputating the leg

If leg is amputated then do something to decrease lung tumor size (chemotherapy)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Canine Osteosarcoma

Poor prognosis with

A

Lung or bone metastasis (especially if large masses)

Lymph node metastasis

Elevated Alk Phos

Monocytosis

Young age

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Canine Osteosarcoma
Treatment and Prognosis
No therapy

A

Painful!

Should at least give NSAIDs and pain meds

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Canine Osteosarcoma
Treatment and Prognosis
Amputation/No Chemo

A

3-4 months

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Canine Osteosarcoma
Treatment and Prognosis
Radiation for pain control

A

4-6 months

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Canine Osteosarcoma
Treatment and Prognosis
Pain Meds (NSAIDs, Opioids)

A

4-6 months

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Canine Osteosarcoma
Treatment and Prognosis
Bisphosponates

A

4-6 months

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Canine Osteosarcoma

Vaccine?

A

New therapy

Target: Her-2/Neu Listeria

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Canine Osteosarcoma

Aggressive therapy for appendicular tumors

A

Amputation and chemotherapy (9-12 months)

Cisplatin (high toxicity)>Carboplatin>Doxorubicin
Carboplatin alternating with Doxorubicin
NSAIDs

Note: can start chemo prior to amputation; just closely monitor wound healing post-sx

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Canine Osteosarcoma
Axial tumors
Treatment

A

Difficult due to inability to remove surgically (vertebrae, pelvis)

Palliative radiation (cannot damage CNS)
Pain medication

Local recurrence is common

Surgical removal of mandible/ribs + chemotherapy

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Feline Osteosarcoma

Background

A

Rare but it happens

Metastasis seems to come much slower than in dog (takes years)

Amputation = treatment of choice

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Soft Tissue Sarcomas

What are they?

A

Tumors arising from supportive tissues, variety of types, all behave very similarly

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Soft Tissue Sarcomas

Examples

A 
Fibrosarcoma
Hemangiopericytoma
Nerve sheath tumor 
Leiomyosarcoma 
Synovial cell sarcoma
Liposarcoma
Malignant fibrous histiocytoma
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Soft Tissue Sarcoma

What is important to know?

A

Tumor grade!

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

Soft Tissue Sarcomas

Signalment

A

Larger, older dogs

Any breed or any age really

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

Soft Tissue Sarcomas

Presentation

A

Usually a mass (SQ)

Tumor can arise from internal soft tissue

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

Soft Tissue Sarcomas

Biologic Behavior

A

Locally aggressive, invasive, poorly defined margins

Slow to metastasize:
Spread to lungs more than lymph nodes
Grade should be predictive
Mitotic index (most important prognostic indicator): > 20 is grade III (poor prognosis and need large margins)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Soft Tissue Sarcomas | Diagnosis
Cytology suggestive Incisional biopsy; required for true diagnosis and grade Excisional biopsy; be sure you know margins
26
Soft Tissue Sarcomas | Diagnostics
Imaging: Radiographs and ultrasound CT and MRI best for surgery planning Evaluation of lymph nodes Metastasis (thorax) Radiographs CT for high grade
27
Soft Tissue Sarcomas | Surgery
Aggressive! 3 cm in all directions (dog) 5 cm in all directions (cat) Submit for histopathology
28
Soft Tissue Sarcomas | Radiation
Best for minimal disease (incomplete surgical margins) Gross tumor may require higher dose High dose difficult to achieve in some locations
29
Soft Tissue Sarcomas | Chemotherapy
Doxorubicin (most common) VAC (Vincristine, Doxorubicin, Cyclophosphamide) DTIC and Doxorubicin
30
Soft Tissue Sarcomas | Metronomic Chemotherapy
Low dose alkylators (cyclophosphamide, lomustine, chlorambucil) and NSAID
31
Soft Tissue Sarcomas Treatment Low Grade Tumor
Surgery alone can be curative (5-6 years) Surgery with follow-up radiation when margins not adequate
32
Soft Tissue Sarcomas Treatment High Grade Tumors
High potential for metastasis (at least 40%) Surgery +/- radiation +/- chemotherapy
33
Soft Tissue Sarcomas Treatment Non-resectable tumors
Palliative radiation + metronomic therapy
34
Soft Tissue Sarcomas Feline (common one) Cause
Vaccine Associated Sarcomas Iatrogenic; aluminum oxide crystals in tumor (from adjuvant) Can come about months to years after vaccine administration (record where you have given injections)
35
Soft Tissue Sarcomas | Feline Characteristics
Every sarcoma on cats is high grade
36
Vaccine Associated Sarcomas | Rule of 1, 2, 3
Remove a mass at a vaccine site when: Still growing after 1 month Greater than 2 cm in size Still present at 3 months post vax Same for other injections (not necessarily just vax)
37
Soft Tissue Sarcomas | Feline-Signalment
Any vaccinated cat May be genetic; if parent has had a reaction keep that in mind and perhaps stop breeding that cat
38
Soft Tissue Sarcomas | Feline-Biologic Behavior
``` Locally aggressive (extremely) 10-25% metastasize ```
39
Soft Tissue Sarcomas | Feline-Staging
Advanced imaging nearly always required CT or MRI (Sx planning needed due to aggressive nature) - margins are important
40
Soft Tissue Sarcoma | Feline-Therapy
Surgery; remove with margins (5 cm required for potential cure) Radiation most helpful as follow-up when margins are clean but could not get 5 cm margins
41
Soft Tissue Sarcoma | Feline-Margin Importance
Bad surgery = prematurely dead cat If first Sx leaves dirty margins the cat may have no hope for long term tumor control
42
Soft Tissue Sarcoma | Feline-Chemotherapy Effectiveness
10-25% metastasis potential Chemotherapy has not been documented to help overall survival but may shrink tumor
43
Soft Tissue Sarcomas | Feline-Prevention
Give all vaccines low on leg Decrease use of vaccines (every 3 years opposed to every year) or give intranasal Never use killed virus vaccines in a cat which has had VAS (write a letter as to why)
44
Hemangiosarcoma | Background
Arises from vascular endothelial cells (may be of bone marrow origin) 5% of non-skin primary malignant tumors in the dog
45
Hemangiosarcoma | Signalment
Large breed dogs; German Shepherd, Golden Retriever, Labrador Retriever but any dog can get them Mean age: 8-13 years Male > Female
46
Hemangiosarcoma | Sites
``` Anywhere blood is: Spleen Liver Right atrium Kidney Subcutaneous tissue Muscle Oral cavity Urinary bladder Pericardium Peritoneum Bone ```
47
Hemangiosarcoma | Bleeding
``` Sudden collapse Weakness Pallor Sudden enlargement of mass Cardiac tamponade; weakness and arrythmia ```
48
Hemangiosarcoma | Biological behavior
Extremely aggressive tumor has a high rate of early development of metastasis Endothelial cells can go anywhere they want 25% have right atrial involvement 14% have brain metastasis
49
Hemangiosarcoma | Diagnosis
Histopathology but may have suggestive features that suggest Hemangiosarcoma ``` Splenic lesions Right atrial mass Ultrasound: fluid filled masses Aspiration: may only get blood Plasma troponin 1 found in pericardial fluid ```
50
Hemangiosarcoma | Splenic lesions rule (Sys Path)
2/3 are malignant and 2/3 of those are hemangiosarcoma
51
Hemangiosarcoma | CBC, Chem, UA
Normocytic, normochromic anemia Nucleated RBC Fragmented cells (schistocytes) = highly suggestive Neutrophilic leukocytosis Thrombocytopenia
52
Hemangiosarcoma | Thoracic rads
78% of metastasis identified 47% cardiac lesions present identified Met in lung or heart do NOT take to Sx
53
Hemangiosarcoma | Cardiac ultrasound
92% of cardiac lesions detected 25% have right atrial involvement
54
Hemangiosarcoma | Surgery Goal
Get bleeding to stop so the patient has a little bit longer with family :(
55
Hemangiosarcoma | Surgical Removal
Spleens and some subcutaneous masses Right atrial mass; removal reported to extend survival but difficult to assess
56
Hemangiosarcoma | Chemotherapy
Single agent doxorubicin (once every 2-3 weeks); helps stop growth and bleeding! Combination: Doxo + Vincristine + Cyclophosphamide Doxo + DTIC
57
Hemangiosarcoma | Anti-angiogenesis therapy
Minocycline (not much improvement) Low dose chemotherapy/metronomic therapy: Cyclophosphamide daily or Cyclophosphamide, Lomustine daily, Chlorambucil daily NSAIDs (not a COX-2 issue though) Tyrosine Kinase inhibitors
58
Hemangiosarcoma | Prognosis
Poor
59
Hemangiosarcoma Prognosis Surgery
2-3 months
60
Hemangiosarcoma Prognosis Surgery + Chemotherapy
4-6 months
61
Hemangiosarcoma | Right atrial
Doxorubicin (116 days) Surgery (4 months) Surgery + Doxo (175 days)
62
Hemangiosarcoma | WSU Protocol
Control local disease: surgery and palliative radiation Doxorubicin x 4 Metronomic chemotherapy follow-up
63
Cutaneous Hemangiosarcoma | Background
Light coat color, thin skin dog and cat disease Likely sunlight induced Surgically curable if does not invade deeper tissues

Small Animal Medicine II (17 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions