sarsour review

Question 1

____ and ____ are the main energy sources

Answer 1

carbohydrates and fats

Question 2

last energy resort

Answer 2

proteins

Question 3

kilocalorie

Answer 3

amount of energy required to raise the temperature of 1g of water by 1°C

Question 4

basal metabolic rate

equation

Answer 4

energy involved in normal body functions (e.g. cardiac function, maintaining ion pumps, etc.) and primarily depends on body weight

24 x body weight in kg …………….. (kcal/day)

1 kg = 2.2 lbs

Question 5

average daily intake level required to meet the needs of 97-98% of people in a particular category

Answer 5

Recommended Dietary Allowances (RDA)

Question 6

average daily intake level of a nutrient that will meet the needs of half of the people in a particular category

Answer 6

estimated average requirement (EAR)

Question 7

recommended average daily intake level for a nutrient

*used when te RDA is not yet established*

Answer 7

adequate intake (AI)

Question 8

highest average daily intake level that is not likely to have adverse effects on the health of most people

Answer 8

tolerable upper intake level (UL)

Question 9

average dietary energy intake (kcal) to maintain energy balance

*based on age, gender, weight, height, level of physical activity*

Answer 9

estimated energy requirement (EER)

Question 10

portion of the energy intake that should come from each macronutrient

Answer 10

acceptable macronutrient distribution ranges (AMDR)

Question 11

BMI =

Normal

overweight

obese

morbidly obeses

Answer 11

weight (kg) / height (m^2)

18.5 - 24.9

25 - 29.9

30 - 39.9

> 40

Question 12

marasmus:

• ____ malnutrition
• is the most common form of ____ malnutrition in nutritional emergencies, and can lead to death
• characterized by severe wasting of ____ and ____ which the body breaks down to make energy
• wasting can affect both ____ and ____

Answer 12

• protein-calorie
• acut
• fat and muscle
• children and adults

Question 13

cachexia:

• in ____ patients
• causes predominant loss of ____ and might be life threatening
• characterized by ____ and muscle protein breakdown that occurs earlier than in common protein malnutrition due to increased muscle ____ and reduced muscle protein ____
• characterized by increased activity of ____ ____ such as TNF-a, IFN-gamma, and IL-6. they stimulate the NF-kB pathway which leads to protein degradation through ubiquitin pathway
• there is ____ resistance related to increased glucocorticoid secretion

Answer 13

• cancer
• muscle
• anorexia, catabolism, synthesis
• proinflammatory cytokines
• insulin

Question 14

what is a fad

Answer 14

short-lived

no basis in qualities of actual object/thing

appeals to emotion over reason

promoted for reasons other than health

rigid

Question 15

characteristics of fad diets

Answer 15

quick weight loss

specific food category or type

reviews from famous people

advertises as “cure for all”

supplements

not scientific

Question 16

Fad Diets have nothing to do with

Answer 16

cultural, regional, and ethnic diets (e.g. Mediterranean diet)

Question 17

low-carbohydrate/high-protein:

• example
• main components
• health consequences

Answer 17

• Atkins
• less than 50 g of carbs a day, high consumption of animal protein
• water imbalance, ketosis, appetite suppression, renal dysfunction, nausea, low performance capacity, dehydration, osetoporosis

Question 18

high-carbohydrate/low-fat:

• example
• main components
• health consequences

Answer 18

• pritikin
• low-fat, low-calorie, plant-based foods, mainly fruits and vegetables, fats not exceeding 10% of total daily calories
• inadequate intake of good quality protein, vitamin and mineral deficiences, coronary heart disease

Question 19

low-carb/high-fat:

• example
• main components
• health consequences

Answer 19

• ketogenic
• high-fat, adequate-protein, low-carb diet changing the way energy is used in the body
• acidosis, hypoglycemia, GI distress, dehydration, lethargy, kidney stones, dyslipidemia, decreased bone density

Question 20

combination:

• example
• main components
• health consequences

Answer 20

• zone
• hormonal control (insulin, glucagon, and eicosanoids) via a specific ratio of protein, carbs, and fat intake
• vitamin and mineral deficiencies

Question 21

one-food:

• example
• main components
• health consequences

Answer 21

• grapefruit
• certain combinations of food with grapefruit and grapefruit juice, no sugary/starchy foods allowed
• unbalanced nutrition, interfere with certain medication, risk for increase intake of sturated fat, sodium, and cholesterol

Question 22

formula:

• example
• main components
• health consequences

Answer 22

• slim fast
• dietary supplement based on a drinkable meal replacement once or twice a day, each containing around 240 kcal
• low nutritional intake, low energy, weakness, risk for eating disorders

Question 23

common eating habits that have been shown to decrease weight and keep weight off

Answer 23

eat breakfast - curbs hunger and keeps metabolism going

balanced diet

self monitor - food journal

exercise - physical exercise 1 hour per day

Question 24

therapeutic diets and supplements in cancer therapy:

• run for ____ time
• very rigorous ____ research
• they are ____
• limited to ____ type of cancer/disease
• clinically ____ under very strict regulation
• are ____ to standard of care
• target and exploit ____ differences betwen cancer cells vs normal cells
• do not ____ cancer
• not part of the dietary recommendations for ____ patients ????

Answer 24

• short
• scientific
• experimental
• specific
• monitored
• adjuvant
• metabolic
• prevent
• cancer

Question 25

_cancer cells metabolism is different:_ * cancer cells appear to exist in a condition of metabolic oxidative stress characterized by increased steady-state levels of ____ and ____ \_\_\_\_ * this increase in ROS appears to be compensated for by increases in ____ and hydroperoxide metabolism * condition of metabolic oxidative stress is due to defects in ____ metabolism * if glucose metabolism is increased in cancer cells to compensate for excess hydroperoxide production from mitochondrial respiration, then inhibiting glucose and hydroperoxide metablim while forcing cells to derive energy from ____ should preferentially kill cancer cells

Answer 25

* superoxide and hydrogen peroxide * glucose * mitochondrial * respiration

Question 26

* vitamin C (pharmacological ____ ) as adjuvate therapy * acts as a ____ in cancer cells * pharmacological ascorbate helps to increase excessive amounts of ____ that cause DNA damage and cell death in cancer cells

Answer 26

* ascorbate * prooxidant * H2O2

Question 27

\_\_\_\_ diets and pharmacological ____ may be useful adjuvants for selectively enhancing cytotoxicity and oxidative stress in cancer cells treated with conventional therapeutic agents

Answer 27

ketogenic ascorbate

Question 28

_upon intake, carbs undergo hydrolysis by enzymes:_ * ____ cleaves and hydrolyzes 1,4 glycosidic bonds on the polysaccaride at random * ____ cleaves and hydrolyzes 1,4-glycosidic bonds but in an orderly fashion cutting disacchardes maltose units one by one from the none reducing end of chain * ____ enzymes: glucosidases

Answer 28

* alpha-amylase * beta-amylase * debranching

Question 29

_proteins enzymes:_ * ____ hydrolyzes peptide bonds of amino side of the aromatic amino acids * ____ hydrolyzes internal peptdie bonds at the same amino acids as does pepsin * ____ hydrolyzes the carboxyl side of arginine and lysine * ____ hydrolyzes amino acids one by one from the c-terminal end

Answer 29

* pepsin * chymotrypsin * trypsin * carboxypeptidase

Question 30

carbs are not ____ nutrients

Answer 30

essential

Question 31

\_\_\_\_ vitamins can be stored in the body \_\_\_\_ vitamins are eliminated by the kidneys and cannot be stored in our bodies

Answer 31

fat-soluble water-soluble

Question 32

our bodies require 100mg per day of the ____ minerals (Na, K, Cl, Ca) our bodies require less than 100mg per day of the ____ minerals (Fe, Zn)

Answer 32

major trace

Question 33

regulation of food intake can be on the ____ or ____ level for example: body (organ) - stomach (grehlin), pancreas (insulin) and adipose tissue (leptin) for example: cellular

Answer 33

body (organ) or cellular

Question 34

daily energy expenditure = activity factor sedentary activity factor moderately active activity factor very active

Answer 34

activity factor x BMR 1. 3 1. 5 1. 7

Question 35

to lose .45kg (1 lb) a person must expend ____ calories more than consumed

Answer 35

3500

Question 36

\_\_\_\_ is a carbohydrate that is indigestible by the human gut, such as cellulose, hemicellulose, lignin, pectin, and beta-glucan. it is present in unprocessed cereals, legumes, vegetables, and fruits. main role is gut ____ and transit

Answer 36

fiber motility