SAS# 3

Question 1

viewed as a continuum of events that occur from conception to death

Answer 1

AGING
(Ignatavicious and Workman, 2005)

Question 2

I. Biological Theories of Aging

Answer 2

A. Stochastic Theory
Free radical
Error
Wear and tear
Connective tissue/cross-linked

B. Nonstochastic Theories
Programmed Theory
Gene/biological clock theory
Neuroendocrine theory
Immunological theory

Question 3

Based on random events that cause cellular damage that accumulates as the organisms ages

Answer 3

Stochastic Theories

Question 4

Membranes, nucleic acids, and proteins are damaged by ____ which causes cellular injury and aging

Answer 4

Free radical theory

Question 5

Errors in DNA and RNA syntesis occur with aging

Answer 5

Error Theory

Question 6

Cells wear out and cannot function with aging

Answer 6

Wear and tear theory

Question 7

With aging, proteins impede metabo processes and cause trouble with getting nutruents to cells and removing cellular waste

Answer 7

Connective tissue/Cross-linked theory

Question 8

Based on genetically programmed events that cause cellular damage that accelerates aging of the organism

Answer 8

Nonstochastic Theories

Question 9

Cells divide until they are no longer able to, and this triggers apoptosis or cell death

Answer 9

Programmed Theory

Question 10

Problems with hypothamlamus-pituitary-endocrine gland feedback system cause disease; increased insulin growth factor accelerates aging

Answer 10

Neuroendocrine theory

Question 11

Aging is due to faulty immunological function, which is linked to general well-being

Answer 11

Immunological Theory

Question 12

I. Psychosocial Theories of aging

Answer 12

A. Sociological Theories
Activity Disengagement
Subculture
Continuity
Age stratification
Person-Environment Fit
GeroTranscendence

B. Psychological Theories
Human needs
Individualism
Stages of Personality Development
Life-course/lifespan development
Selective optimization with compensation

Question 13

Changing roles, relationships, status and generational cohort impact the older adult’s ability to adapt

Answer 13

Sociological Theories

Question 14

Remaining occupied and involved is necessary to a satisfying late-life. Gradual withdrawal from society and relationships serves to maintain social equilibrium and promote internal reflection

Answer 14

Activity Disengagement

Question 15

The elderly prefer to segregate from society in an aging subculture sharing loss of status and societal negativity regarding the aged. Health and mobility are key determinants of social status

Answer 15

Subculture

Question 16

Personality influences roles and life satisfaction and remains consistent throughout life. Past coping patterns recur as older adults adjust to financial and social decline and contemplate death. Identifying with one’s age group, finding a residence compatible with one’s limitations, and learning new roles postretirement are major tasks.

Answer 16

Continuity

Question 17

Society is stratified by age groups that are the basis for acquiring resources, roles, status, and deference from others. Age cohorts are influenced by their historical context and share similar experiences, beliefs, attitudes, and expectations of life course transitions

Answer 17

Age stratification

Question 18

Function is affected by ego strength, mobility, health, cognition, sensory perception, and the environment. Competency changes one’s ability to adapt to environmental demands

Answer 18

Person-Environment Fit

Question 19

The elderly transform from a materialistic/rational perspective toward oneness with the universe. Successful transformation includes an outward focus, accepting impending death, substantive relationships, intergenerational connectedness, and unity with the universe.

Answer 19

Gerotranscendence

Question 20

Explain aging in terms of mental processes, emotions, attitudes, motivation, and personality development that is characterized by life stage transitions

Answer 20

Psychological Theories

Question 21

Five basic needs motivate human behavior in a lifelong process toward need fulfillment

Answer 21

Human needs

Question 22

Personality consists of an ego and personal and collective unconsciousness that views life from a personal or external perspective. Older adults search for life meaning and adapt to functional and social losses

Answer 22

Individualism

Question 23

personality develops in eight sequential stages with corresponding life tasks.

Answer 23

Stages of personality development

Question 24

characterized by evaluating life accomplishments; struggles include letting go, accepting care, detachment, and physical and mental decline

Answer 24

The eight phase,
INTEGRITY VERSUS DESPAIR

Question 25

Life stages are predictable and structured by roles, relationships, values, and goals. Persons adapt to changing roles and relationships. Age group norms and characteristics are an important part of the life course

Answer 25

Life-course/Lifespan development

Question 26

Individuals cope with aging losses through activity/role selection, optimization, and compensation. Critical life points are morbidity, mortality, and quality of life. _______ facilitates successful aging

Answer 26

Selective optimization with compensation

Question 27

nursing has incorporated psychosocial theories such as

Answer 27

ERIKSON'S PERSONALITY DEVELOPMENT THEORY

Question 28

enlighten us about the development tasks and challenges faced by older adults and the importance of finding and accepting meaning in one's life

Answer 28

Psychological Theories

Question 29

nursing has learned how support systems, functionality, activity and role engagement, cohorts, and societal expectations can influence adjustments to aging and life satisfaction

Answer 29

Sociologists

Question 30

human aging is influenced by a composite of

Answer 30

biological psychological social functional spiritual factors

Question 31

Nursing Theories of Aging

Answer 31

Functional consequences theory Theory of thriving

Question 32

Environmental and biopsychosocial consequences impact functioning. Nursing's role is risk reduction to minimize age-associated disability in order to enhance safety and quality of living

Answer 32

Functional Consequences Theory

Question 33

failure to thrive results from a discord between the individual and his or her environment or relationships. Nurses identify and modify factors that contribute to disharmony among these elements

Answer 33

Theory of thriving

Question 34

According to this theory, aging successfully means remaining physically, psychological, and socially engaged in meaningful ways that are individually defined. Achieving a comfortable acceptance of impending death is also a hallmark of successful aging

Answer 34

Theory of Successful Aging

Question 35

prvides a more comprehensive framework to guide nursing practice and has been validated by some authors

Answer 35

Flood's theory of successful aging

Question 36

nurses can better manage nutrition, incontinence, sleep rhythms, immunological response, catecholamine surges, hormonal and electrolyte balance, and drug efficacy for older adults with chronic illnesses

Answer 36

Stochastic and programmed biological theories of aging

Question 37

nurses can assist both the older adult and his or her family in recognizing that the life they have lived has been one of integrity and meaning and facilitate peaceful death with dignity.

Answer 37

Psychosocial aging theories

Question 38

contributes to older adults well being and reduces the negative psychological consequences that are often linked to chronic illness and older age

Answer 38

Ego Integrity