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AUBF > SAS 4 - Various Methods of Renal Studies & Urine Collection > Flashcards

SAS 4 - Various Methods of Renal Studies & Urine Collection Flashcards

1
Q

Describe urinalysis.

A
  • It is the quickest way to study kidney function and find out the hydration and metabolic states, renal disorders, proof of poisoning among others.
  • It requires properly collected sample
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2
Q

Benefits of Common Urine Laboratory Tests

Type of Test: Urine Chemistry (Reagent strip)

A

AIMS: (GluProHeLeuIn)

a. Glucosuria
b. Proteinuria
c. Hematuria
d. Leukocyturia
e. Infection

(3-1-1-1)
SCREEN DIAGNOSIS MONITOR PROGNOSIS
+++ + + +

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3
Q

Benefits of Common Urine Laboratory Tests

Type of Test: Wet Urinalysis (Routine)

A

AIMS: (DiaGluProHeLeuInCyCry)

a. Diabetes
b. Proteinuria
c. Hematuria
d. Leukocyturia
e. Infection
f. Cylindruria
g. Crystalluria

(4-2-2-1)
SCREEN DIAGNOSIS MONITOR PROGNOSIS
++++ ++ ++ +

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4
Q

Benefits of Common Urine Laboratory Tests

Type of Test: Urine Microbiology

A

AIMS:
a. Infections

(2-4-2-1)
SCREEN DIAGNOSIS MONITOR PROGNOSIS
++ ++++ ++ +

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5
Q

Benefits of Common Urine Laboratory Tests

Type of Test: Urine Cytology (conventional)

A

AIMS: (CaInVi)

a. Cancer
b. Inflammation
c. Viral Infections

(1-2-1)
SCREEN DIAGNOSIS MONITOR PROGNOSIS
+ ++ + -

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6
Q

Benefits of Common Urine Laboratory Tests

Type of Test: Cytodiagnostic Urinalysis

A

AIMS: (GloRenLuNoLi)

a. Glomerular and renal tubular disorders
b. LUT disorders
c. Nonbacterial infections
d. Lithiasis

(1-4-3-2)
SCREEN DIAGNOSIS MONITOR PROGNOSIS
+ ++++ +++ ++

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7
Q

Benefits of Common Urine Laboratory Tests

Type of Test: Image cytometry and DNA analysis

A

AIMS:

a. Urothelial Cancer

(1-2-3-3)
SCREEN DIAGNOSIS MONITOR PROGNOSIS
+ ++ +++ +++

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8
Q

Benefits of Common Urine Laboratory Tests

Type of Test: Flow Cytometry

A

AIMS:

a. Urothelial cancer

(0-1-3-2)
SCREEN DIAGNOSIS MONITOR PROGNOSIS
- + +++ ++

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9
Q

What are the different Urinalysis Microscope Techniques

A

(BriPhaPoDaFluIn)

a. Bright-field microscopy
b. Phase-contrast microscopy
c. Polarizing microscopy
d. Dark-field microscopy
e. Fluorescence Microscopy
f. Interference-contrast

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10
Q

State the function of each Urinalysis Microscopic Technique

A

a. Bright-field microscopy - used for ROUTINE ANALYSIS
b. Phase-contrast microscopy - enhances VISUALIZATION OF ELEMENTS WITH LOW REFRACTIVE INDEX, such as hyaline casts, mixed cellular casts, mucous threads, and Trichomonas
c. Polarizing microscopy - aids in IDENTIFICATION OF CHOLESTEROL in oval fat bodies, fatty casts, and crystals
d. Dark-field microscopy - aids in IDENTIFICATION OF TREPONEMA PALLIDUM
e. Fluorescence microscopy - allows VISUALIZATION OF NATURALLY FLUORESCENT MICROORGANISMS or those stained by fluorescent dye
f. Interference - contrast - produces a THREE-DIMENSIONAL MICROSCOPY-IMAGE and LAYER-BY-LAYER IMAGING of a specimen

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11
Q

Enumerate the different types of Urine Specimens.

A

a. Random
b. First Morning
c. Fasting (2nd morning)
d. 2-hour postprandial
e. Glucose tolerance test

f. 24-h (or timed)
g. Catheterized
h. Midstream clean-catch
i. Suprapubic aspiration
j. Three-glass collection

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12
Q

Type of Urine Specimen: Random

Purpose: ______________

A

Routine Screening

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13
Q

Type of Urine Specimen: First morning

Purpose: ______________

A
  • Routine screening
  • Pregnancy tests
  • Orthostatic protein
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14
Q

Type of Urine Specimen: Fasting (Second morning)

Purpose: ______________

A

Diabetic screening/monitoring

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15
Q

Type of Urine Specimen: 2-hour postprandial

Purpose: ______________

A

Diabetic Monitoring

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16
Q

Type of Urine Specimen: Glucose Tolerance Test

Purpose:

A

Optional with blood samples in glucose tolerance test

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17
Q

Type of Urine Specimen: 24-h (timed)

Purpose: ______________

A

Quantitative chemical tests

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18
Q

Type of Urine Specimen: Catheterized

Purpose: ______________

A

Bacterial Culture

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19
Q

Type of Urine Specimen: Midstream clean-catch

Purpose: _____________________________

A
  • Routine screening

- Bacterial culture

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20
Q

Type of Urine Specimen: Suprapubic aspiration

Purpose: _____________________________

A
  • Bladder urine for bacterial culture

- Cytology

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21
Q

Type of Urine Specimen: Three-glass collection

Purpose: _____________________________

A

Prostatic infection

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21
Q

Type of Urine Specimen: Three-glass collection

Purpose: _____________________________

A

Prostatic infection

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22
Q

Three categories in laboratory testing of urine

A

a. chemical
b. bacteriologic
c. microscopic examinations

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23
Q

Random specimen may be collected at what time?

A

At any time

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24
Describe first-morning
Voided aliquot is optimal for constituent concentration, as it is usually the MOST CONCENTRATED and has a LOWER pH caused by DECREASED RESPIRATION during sleep.
25
Random urine specimen should be collected in a ______________
chemically clean receptacle, either GLASS or PLASTIC
26
What is the most desirable specimen for bacteriologic examination.
Clean-catch midstream specimen
27
What is the proper collection for a clean-catch urine specimen?
Patient should clean the external genitalia with an ANTISEPTIC WIPE, the patient next begins URINATION, STOPS MIDSTREAM, and DISCARDS the first portion of urine, then collects the remaining urine in a STERILE CONTAINER
28
The vessel of the specimen should be?
- tightly sealed - labeled with patient's name & date of collection - submit for analysis
29
For midstream specimens, it can be used to remove an aliquot from the sterile collection container, which then can be transported to the laboratory
Urine transfer straw kit
30
What does the system (BD Vacutainer) consists?
It consists of an ADAPTER that attaches to a YELLOW EVACUATED STERILE TUBE
31
How does the Vacuum works?
The vacuum draws the urine into the STERILE TUBE
32
How should you treat the adapter assembly?
The adapter assembly must be treated like a needle assembly system and be discarded into a biohazard container.
33
Similar product available for cultures uses _______
a sterile, gray-top tube containing 6.7 mg/L of Boric Acid and 3.335 mg/L of sodium formate, along with the adapter device described previously (BD Vacutainer)
34
Timed specimens are obtained at designated intervals. Starting from _________
"time zero"
35
Collection that is most difficult to obtain and require patient cooperation.
Urine specimens for 24-hour total volume collection
35
Collection that is most difficult to obtain and require patient cooperation.
Urine specimens for 24-hour total volume collection
36
The most frequent problem.
Incomplete or too much collection
37
It is usually supervised by nurses and generally is more reliable than outpatient collection.
In-hospital collection
38
It requires special attention to avoid stool contamination.
Pediatric Collections
39
How to avoid problems with collecting a 24-hour specimens?
By giving patients COMPLETE WRITTEN and VERBAL INSTRUCTIONS with a WARNING that the test can be INVALIDATED by INCORRECT COLLECTION TECHNIQUE.
40
What is the preferred container?
- unbreakable - measures 4 L - plastic - chemically clean - with correct preservative already added
41
One should remind the patient to?
- discard the first morning specimen - record the time - collect every subsequent voiding for the next 24 hours
42
An easy approach is to ________________
remind the patient to START with an empty bladder and to END with an empty bladder.
43
When does overcollection occurs?
when the first morning specimen is included in this routine
44
Creatinine formation is based on ___________ ?
muscle mass
45
This analyte is subject to diurnal variation, with the highest levels reached in the afternoon.
Urobilinogen
46
At what time is urine collected when a quantification or urobilinogen is requested?
2-4 PM
47
Special urine collection techniques that may cause infection but is necessary in some patients (e.g. for urine collection when patient are UNABLE TO VOID or CONTROL MICTURITION)
Catheterization of the urethra and bladder
48
It can also be inserted via a CYTOSCOPE into the ureter.
Ureteral Catheters
49
These specimens are useful in differentiating bladder from kidney function or for differential ureteral analysis, ang may be obtained separately from each kidney pelvis (labeled left and right).
Ureteral urine specimens
50
It is optimal for CYTOLOGIC EXAMINATION
First morning urine
51
This is essential in maintaining the integrity of urine specimen
Preservation
51
This is essential in maintaining the integrity of urine specimen
Preservation
52
Unpreserved urine specimens are subject to?
MICROBIOLOGIC DECOMPOSITION and to inherent CHEMICAL CHANGES
53
How to prevent the growth of microbes?
The specimen should be REFRIGERATED PROMPTLY after collection and, when necessary, should contain the INDICATED CHEMICAL PRESERVATIVE
54
Best to do to maintain analytes when performing 24-hour urine collections.
Addition of a chemical preservative
55
True of False: If a preservative is added to the empty collection bottle, particularly if ACID PRESERVATIVE are used, a WARNING LABEL is placed on the bottle.
TRUE
56
It adds a risk of potential chemical burns, where patients should be warned about this potential danger, and the container should be labeled accordingly.
Concentrated acid
57
What should the clinicians do in cases of concentrated acid risks?
Clinician must ASSESS THE PATIENT'S RISK OF EXPOSURE to the preservative, therefore, REFRIGERATION may be more appropriate, and the PRESERVATIVE may be ADDED UPON SUBMISSION to the laboratory.
58
They are protected in AMBER PLASTIC BOTTLES
Light-sensitive compounds, such as BILIRUBIN
59
This occurs unless the urine is acidified adequately before analysis
Precipitation of calcium and phosphates

AUBF (2 decks)

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