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BIOCHEM SAS#7 - 10 > SAS #7 > Flashcards

SAS #7 Flashcards

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1
Q

What is metabolism?

A

The sum total of all the biochemical reactions that take place in a living organism.

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2
Q

What is the difference between anabolic and catabolic metabolism?

A

Anabolic metabolism builds larger molecules from smaller ones and consumes energy, while catabolic metabolism breaks down larger molecules into smaller ones and releases energy.

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3
Q

Where do metabolic reactions occur in the cell?

A

In various organelles including the mitochondria, cytoplasm, and nucleus.

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4
Q

What are the main organelles involved in energy production?

A
  • Mitochondria
  • Ribosomes
  • Nucleus
  • Lysosomes
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5
Q

What is the role of mitochondria in the cell?

A

Generates most of the energy for a cell.

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6
Q

What is ATP?

A

Adenosine Triphosphate, the net energy produced used for cellular reactions.

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7
Q

What is the role of NAD in metabolic pathways?

A

Coenzyme required for redox reactions; exists in oxidized (NAD+) and reduced (NADH) forms.

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8
Q

What is the citric acid cycle also known as?

A

Krebs cycle or tricarboxylic acid cycle.

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9
Q

What is the primary fuel for the citric acid cycle?

A

Acetyl CoA.

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10
Q

What does the citric acid cycle produce?

A
  • CO2
  • NADH
  • FADH2
  • GTP
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11
Q

What is the first step in the citric acid cycle?

A

Formation of Citrate from Acetyl CoA and oxaloacetate.

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12
Q

Fill in the blank: The process of breaking down food molecules into simpler chemical units is called _______.

A

Digestion.

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13
Q

What are the end products of digestion?

A
  • Carbohydrates - glucose and other monosaccharides
  • Proteins - amino acids
  • Fats and oils - fatty acids and glycerol
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14
Q

What happens during the oxidation of isocitrate?

A

Isocitrate is oxidized to a ketone, producing CO2 and NADH.

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15
Q

What is the significance of the electron transport chain?

A

It oxidizes NADH and FADH2 to release H+ and electrons, which are used to produce ATP.

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16
Q

What are the stages of biochemical energy production?

A
  • Digestion
  • Acetyl group formation
  • Citric acid cycle
  • Electron transport chain and oxidative phosphorylation
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17
Q

What is oxidative phosphorylation?

A

The process where ATP is produced as electrons are transferred to molecular O2.

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18
Q

True or False: The citric acid cycle takes place in the cytosol of prokaryotes.

A

True.

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19
Q

What is the overall reaction of the citric acid cycle?

A

Acetyl CoA is oxidized to carbon dioxide, producing NADH and FADH2.

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20
Q

What vitamin derivatives are involved in the citric acid cycle?

A
  • Riboflavin (FAD)
  • Nicotinamide (NAD+)
  • Pantothenic acid (CoA)
  • Thiamine (TPP)
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21
Q

What is a redox reaction?

A

A reaction involving oxidation (loss of hydrogen) and reduction (gain of hydrogen).

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22
Q

What enzyme catalyzes the formation of isocitrate from citrate?

A

Aconitase.

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23
Q

What happens to succinyl CoA in the citric acid cycle?

A

It is converted to succinate, producing GTP and releasing energy.

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24
Q

What is the role of FAD in the citric acid cycle?

A

It acts as an oxidizing agent during the oxidation of succinate.

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25
What is the significance of the GTP produced in the citric acid cycle?
It stores energy in the form of a high-energy phosphate bond, similar to ATP.
26
What is the final product of the oxidation of malate?
Oxaloacetate.
27
During which stage of metabolism are acetyl groups formed?
Stage 2: Acetyl group formation.
28
Fill in the blank: NADH and FADH2 carry electrons to the _______.
Electron transport chain.
29
What is the result of the oxidation of L-Malate in the Krebs cycle?
Regeneration of oxaloacetate ## Footnote This regeneration allows the Krebs cycle to continue with another acetyl CoA.
30
What is the primary function of the electron transport chain?
To pass electrons and hydrogen ions from NADH and FADH2 to molecular oxygen, producing water ## Footnote This process also leads to ATP synthesis via oxidative phosphorylation.
31
What happens to electrons as they pass through the electron transport chain?
They lose energy with each transfer ## Footnote Some of this energy is used to synthesize ATP from ADP.
32
Where are the enzymes and electron carriers for the electron transport chain located?
Along the inner mitochondrial membrane ## Footnote This membrane contains four distinct protein complexes.
33
List the four protein complexes involved in the electron transport chain.
* Complex I * Complex II * Complex III * Complex IV ## Footnote Additionally, ATP synthase is also part of this system.
34
What is the function of coenzyme Q in the electron transport chain?
To shuttle electrons between the various complexes ## Footnote Coenzyme Q is lipid soluble and can move laterally within the mitochondrial membrane.
35
What is the role of Complex I?
NADH–Coenzyme Q reductase, transferring electrons from NADH to coenzyme Q ## Footnote This process involves several intermediate carriers and results in the formation of reduced coenzyme Q (CoQH2).
36
What does Complex II do?
Processes FADH2 generated from the conversion of succinate to fumarate ## Footnote Like Complex I, it also produces reduced coenzyme Q (CoQH2).
37
What is the initial substrate for Complex III?
CoQH2 ## Footnote This complex processes electrons from both Complex I and Complex II.
38
What is the final electron acceptor in the electron transport chain?
Oxygen (O2) ## Footnote This reaction occurs in Complex IV and leads to the formation of water.
39
Define oxidative phosphorylation.
The biochemical process by which ATP is synthesized from ADP using the energy from electron transfer to O2 ## Footnote This process is coupled with the electron transport chain.
40
What is chemiosmotic coupling?
The explanation for the coupling of ATP synthesis with electron transport chain reactions through a proton gradient ## Footnote This gradient is created by the movement of protons across the inner mitochondrial membrane.
41
What is the function of ATP synthase?
To synthesize ATP as protons flow back into the mitochondrial matrix ## Footnote It consists of F0 (proton channel) and F1 (ATP formation) subunits.
42
How many protons are pumped across the inner mitochondrial membrane for every two electrons passed through the ETC?
Ten protons ## Footnote This includes four protons through Complex I, four through Complex III, and two through Complex IV.
43
What is produced as waste in the Krebs Cycle?
Carbon dioxide (CO2) ## Footnote This gas is released during various reactions in the cycle.
44
Fill in the blank: The Krebs Cycle begins when _______ combines with _______ to form a six-carbon compound.
[acetyl CoA] and [oxaloacetate] ## Footnote This is the initial step in the cycle.
45
What is the total ATP yield from one glucose molecule through cellular respiration?
Approximately 36 to 38 ATP molecules ## Footnote This yield varies based on the efficiency of the electron transport chain.
46
True or False: FADH2 is processed by Complex I.
False ## Footnote FADH2 is processed by Complex II.
47
Where does the electron transport chain (ETC) occur?
Mitochondria ## Footnote The ETC takes place in the inner mitochondrial membrane.
48
What is the final oxygen acceptor in the electron transport chain?
H2O ## Footnote Oxygen combines with electrons and hydrogen ions to form water.
49
What product is formed when an electron and the final electron acceptor combine with a hydrogen ion?
ATP synthase ## Footnote This process contributes to ATP production in oxidative phosphorylation.
50
Which complex is involved in oxidative phosphorylation?
Cytochrome c oxidase ## Footnote This complex plays a crucial role in the final steps of the ETC.
51
What is the correct designation for the reduced form of NAD?
NADH ## Footnote NADH is the reduced form, while NAD+ is the oxidized form.
52
The 'fuel' for the citric acid cycle is: _______
acetyl CoA ## Footnote Acetyl CoA is derived from carbohydrates, fats, and proteins.
53
Which of the following statements about mitochondria is correct?
Mitochondria are located within the cellular cytosol. ## Footnote Mitochondria are organelles found in the cytosol of eukaryotic cells.
54
Which set of electron carriers is associated with the reactions at protein complex I?
NADH, CoQ ## Footnote These carriers participate in the initial steps of the electron transport chain.
55
In which citric acid cycle reaction does the coenzyme FAD participate?
succinate → fumarate ## Footnote FAD is involved in the oxidation of succinate.
56
Which compounds carry electrons from the citric acid cycle to the electron transport chain?
NAD+, FADH2 ## Footnote Both NAD+ and FADH2 transport electrons to the ETC.
57
Fill in the blank: The folds of the inner membrane of mitochondria are called _______.
cristae ## Footnote Cristae increase the surface area for ATP production.
58
What are the main products of the Krebs cycle?
CO2, NADH, FADH2, ATP ## Footnote These products are generated during the cycle's reactions.
59
At which step in the electron transport chain does O2 participate?
last step ## Footnote Oxygen is the final electron acceptor in the chain.
60
Which vitamin is associated with NAD+ and NADH?
Niacin ## Footnote Niacin is a precursor for the coenzyme NAD.
61
Which vitamin is associated with FAD and FADH2?
Riboflavin ## Footnote Riboflavin is crucial for the function of FAD.
62
Which vitamin is involved as TPP in metabolic pathways?
Thiamin ## Footnote Thiamin plays a role in energy metabolism.
63
Which vitamin is associated with CoA?
Pantothenic acid ## Footnote Pantothenic acid is essential for synthesizing CoA.
64
True or False: Without B vitamins, the human body can utilize carbohydrates, fats, and proteins effectively.
False ## Footnote B vitamins are crucial for energy metabolism.
65
In the citric acid cycle, what is the role of oxaloacetate?
It combines with acetyl-CoA to form citrate. ## Footnote Oxaloacetate is regenerated in the cycle.
66
What are the intermediates of the citric acid cycle in order?
citrate, isocitrate, alpha-ketoglutarate, succinyl CoA, succinate, fumarate, malate, oxaloacetate ## Footnote This sequence is essential for understanding the cycle's progression.

BIOCHEM SAS#7 - 10 (4 decks)

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