Sas try 2

Question 1

Henry Waxman

Answer 1

Contribution: U.S. Representative who drafted and sponsored the Orphan Drug Act (ODA) in 1983, which provided incentives for pharmaceutical companies to develop treatments for rare diseases.
Relevance: The ODA has led to the development of over 600 orphan drugs since its passage, significantly impacting the treatment of rare diseases.

Question 2

Jack Klugman/Dr. Quincy M.E.

Answer 2

Contribution: Actor who played Dr. Quincy, a medical examiner who advocated for patients with rare diseases in the TV show Quincy, M.E. Klugman testified before Congress, helping to pass the Orphan Drug Act.
Relevance: His advocacy raised awareness about rare diseases and the need for research and treatment.

Question 3

Mary Mallon (Typhoid Mary)

Answer 3

Contribution: First identified asymptomatic carrier of Salmonella Typhi, responsible for multiple typhoid fever outbreaks in early 20th century New York.
Relevance: Her case highlighted the concept of asymptomatic carriers and led to public health measures for quarantine and isolation.

Question 4

Orville and Wilbur Wright

Answer 4

Contribution: Pioneers of aviation; Wilbur Wright died of typhoid fever in 1912.
Relevance: Their story underscores the prevalence of typhoid fever in the early 20th century.

Question 5

Leland Stanford Senior, Jane Stanford, Leland Stanford Junior

Answer 5

Contribution: Leland Stanford Jr. died of typhoid fever at age 15, prompting his parents to found Stanford University in his memory.
Relevance: Their story highlights the impact of typhoid fever on families and society.

Question 6

Karl Joseph Eberth

Answer 6

Contribution: Discovered Salmonella Typhi in 1880, identifying the bacterium responsible for typhoid fever.
Relevance: His discovery was crucial for understanding and diagnosing typhoid fever.

Question 7

George Soper

Answer 7

Contribution: Sanitation engineer who identified Mary Mallon as a typhoid carrier and published his findings in 1907.
Relevance: His work led to the concept of “healthy carriers” and public health interventions.

Question 8

Sara Josephine Baker

Answer 8

Contribution: Assistant commissioner of health in New York who played a role in managing Mary Mallon’s case.
Relevance: Her work highlighted the challenges of balancing public health and individual rights.

Question 9

Ernst Lederle

Answer 9

Contribution: Health commissioner who released Mary Mallon from quarantine in 1910, under the condition she would not work as a cook.
Relevance: His decision led to Mallon’s eventual re-arrest after she violated the terms of her release.

Question 10

Princess Diana

Answer 10

Contribution: Advocated for the destigmatization of HIV/AIDS by publicly shaking hands with patients without gloves.
Relevance: Her actions helped reduce stigma and discrimination against people with HIV/AIDS.

Question 11

President Barack Obama

Answer 11

Contribution: Met with nurse Nina Pham, who survived Ebola, to show support and reduce stigma around the disease.
Relevance: His actions helped combat fear and misinformation about Ebola.

Question 12

Nina Pham

Answer 12

Contribution: Nurse who contracted Ebola while caring for a patient in the U.S. and survived.
Relevance: Her case highlighted the risks healthcare workers face and the importance of proper protective measures.

Question 13

Daniel Danielsen

Answer 13

Contribution: Known as the “father of leprology,” he believed leprosy was hereditary. Relevance: His work laid the foundation for understanding Hansen’s disease (leprosy).

Question 14

Gerhard Henrik Armauer Hansen

Answer 14

Contribution: Identified Mycobacterium leprae as the cause of leprosy in 1873, the first bacterium linked to a human disease.
Relevance: His discovery revolutionized the understanding and treatment of leprosy.

Question 15

Stanley Stein

Answer 15

Contribution: Patient at Carville leprosarium who edited The Star, a newsletter advocating for the rights of leprosy patients.
Relevance: His work helped reduce stigma and improve conditions for leprosy patients.

Question 16

Guy Henry Faget

Answer 16

Contribution: Developed Promin, the first effective treatment for leprosy, at Carville in the 1940s.
Relevance: His work marked a turning point in leprosy treatment.

Question 17

Peter Buxtun

Answer 17

Contribution: Whistleblower who exposed the unethical Tuskegee Syphilis Study in 1972.
Relevance: His actions led to the end of the study and major reforms in human research ethics.

Question 18

Jean Heller

Answer 18

Contribution: Reporter who broke the story of the Tuskegee Syphilis Study in 1972.
Relevance: Her reporting brought national attention to the study’s ethical violations.

Question 19

President William J. Clinton

Answer 19

Contribution: Issued a formal apology in 1997 for the Tuskegee Syphilis Study.
Relevance: His apology acknowledged the government’s role in the unethical study.

Question 20

Linus Pauling

Answer 20

Contribution: Discovered the molecular basis of sickle-cell disease, showing it was caused by a mutation in hemoglobin.
Relevance: His work was foundational in molecular medicine.

Question 21

Lady Mary Wortley Montagu

Answer 21

Contribution: Introduced variolation (early smallpox inoculation) to Europe in the 18th century.
Relevance: Her advocacy helped lay the groundwork for modern vaccination.

Question 22

Cotton Mather

Answer 22

Contribution: Promoted var iolation in the American colonies after learning about it from Onesimus, an enslaved African man.
Relevance: His efforts helped reduce smallpox mortality in the colonies.

Question 23

Onesimus

Answer 23

ontribution: Enslaved African man who introduced Cotton Mather to the practice of variolation.
Relevance: His knowledge helped save lives during smallpox outbreaks.

Question 24

Edward Jenner

Answer 24

Contribution: Developed the first smallpox vaccine using cowpox in 1796.
Relevance: His work led to the eventual eradication of smallpox.

Question 25

James Phipps

Answer 25

Contribution: First person to be vaccinated against smallpox by Edward Jenner. Relevance: His case proved the effectiveness of vaccination.

Question 26

Sarah Nelms

Answer 26

Contribution: Milkmaid whose cowpox lesions were used by Edward Jenner to develop the smallpox vaccine. Relevance: Her case was crucial in the development of vaccination.

Question 27

President Franklin Delano Roosevelt

Answer 27

Contribution: Founded the National Foundation for Infantile Paralysis (March of Dimes) to combat polio. Relevance: His efforts led to the development of the polio vaccine.

Question 28

Jonas Salk

Answer 28

Contribution: Developed the inactivated polio vaccine (IPV) in 1955. Relevance: His vaccine was instrumental in reducing polio cases worldwide.

Question 29

Albert Sabin

Answer 29

Contribution: Developed the oral polio vaccine (OPV) in 1961. Relevance: His vaccine was easier to administer and helped in global polio eradication efforts.

Question 30

Alexandre Yersin

Answer 30

Contribution: Co-discovered Yersinia pestis, the bacterium that causes plague. Relevance: His discovery was crucial for understanding and controlling plague outbreaks.

Question 31

Kitasato Shibasaburo

Answer 31

Contribution: Co-discovered Yersinia pestis with Alexandre Yersin. Relevance: His work helped identify the cause of the plague.

Question 32

President Woodrow Wilson

Answer 32

Contribution: His administration faced the 1918 influenza pandemic. Relevance: His leadership during the pandemic highlighted the importance of public health measures.

Question 33

Rare Diseases

Answer 33

Definition: A disease affecting fewer than 200,000 people in the U.S. or fewer than 1 in 2,000 in the EU. Relevance: Rare diseases collectively affect millions, with 80% having a genetic origin and 50% affecting children.

Question 34

Orphan Drug Act (ODA) of 1983

Answer 34

Purpose: Provides incentives (tax credits, grants, market exclusivity) for pharmaceutical companies to develop treatments for rare diseases. Relevance: Led to the development of over 600 orphan drugs since its passage.

Question 35

National Organization for Rare Disorders (NORD)

Answer 35

Purpose: Advocates for patients with rare diseases and supports research and treatment development. Relevance: Played a key role in passing the Orphan Drug Act.

Question 36

Rare Diseases Act of 2002

Answer 36

Purpose: Established the Office of Rare Diseases at the NIH and increased funding for rare disease research. Relevance: Enhanced research and treatment options for rare diseases.

Question 37

Rare Diseases Clinical Research Network (RDCRN)

Answer 37

Purpose: Supports clinical studies and collaboration on rare diseases. Relevance: Facilitates research and data sharing among scientists and patient advocacy groups.

Question 38

Rare Diseases Registry Program (RaDaR)

Answer 38

Purpose: Provides guidance on setting up and maintaining registries for rare diseases. Relevance: Helps standardize data collection and promote research.

Question 39

Genetic and Rare Diseases Information Center (GARD)

Answer 39

Purpose: Provides information and resources on rare diseases for patients and caregivers. Relevance: Helps patients navigate diagnosis, treatment, and support.

Question 40

Rare Disease Day

Answer 40

Purpose: Raises awareness about rare diseases and their impact on patients. Relevance: Celebrated on February 28 (or 29 in leap years), it promotes solidarity and advocacy.

Question 41

Quarantine and Isolation

Answer 41

Definition: Quarantine restricts the movement of exposed individuals, while isolation separates sick individuals from healthy ones. Relevance: Used to control the spread of infectious diseases like typhoid fever and COVID-19.

Question 42

Salmonella Typhi and Paratyphi

Answer 42

Definition: Bacteria that cause typhoid fever, transmitted via the fecal-oral route. Relevance: Responsible for millions of cases and thousands of deaths annually, especially in areas with poor sanitation.

Question 43

Asymptomatic/Healthy Carriers

Answer 43

Definition: Individuals who carry and spread a pathogen without showing symptoms. Relevance: Mary Mallon (Typhoid Mary) was a famous asymptomatic carrier of Salmonella Typhi.

Question 44

Fecal-Oral Route of Transmission

Answer 44

Definition: Spread of pathogens through contaminated food or water. Relevance: Common in diseases like typhoid fever and cholera.

Question 45

Disinfection/Chlorination of Drinking Water

Answer 45

Definition: Process of killing pathogens in water to make it safe for consumption. Relevance: Led to a dramatic decline in typhoid fever cases in the U.S. in the early 20th century.

Question 46

Mary Mallon (Typhoid Mary)

Answer 46

Contribution: First identified asymptomatic carrier of Salmonella Typhi, responsible for multiple outbreaks. Relevance: Her case highlighted the need for public health measures to control asymptomatic carriers.

Question 47

North Brother Island/Riverside Hospital

Answer 47

Definition: Quarantine hospital where Mary Mallon was isolated. Relevance: Used to isolate individuals with contagious diseases like typhoid fever.

Question 48

Disease Stigma

Answer 48

Definition: Negative attitudes and discrimination towards individuals with a disease. Relevance: Stigma has been associated with diseases like leprosy, HIV/AIDS, and COVID-19.

Question 49

Hansen’s Disease (Leprosy)

Answer 49

Definition: Chronic bacterial infection caused by Mycobacterium leprae. Relevance: Historically stigmatized, but modern treatments have reduced its impact.

Question 50

Lazarettes/Lazar Houses

Answer 50

Definition: Quarantine facilities for leprosy patients in the Middle Ages. Relevance: Reflects historical approaches to managing contagious diseases.

Question 51

Leprosarium at Kalaupapa, Moloka’i, Hawaii

Answer 51

Definition: Isolation colony for leprosy patients established in 1866. Relevance: Over 8,000 patients were exiled there, highlighting the stigma and isolation associated with leprosy.

Question 52

National Leprosarium at Carville, Louisiana

Answer 52

Definition: The only national leprosarium in the continental U.S., operated from 1894 to 1999. Relevance: Site of significant medical advancements in leprosy treatment.

Question 53

Guinea Pigs in Research

Answer 53

Definition: Animals used in scientific experiments, particularly in studies of allergies, nutrition, and hearing. Relevance: Ethical concerns have led to the development of the "Three R's" (Replacement, Reduction, Refinement) in animal research.

Question 54

Placebo Effect

Answer 54

Definition: Improvement in a patient's condition due to their expectations rather than the treatment itself. Relevance: Commonly observed in clinical trials, where placebo groups show improvement despite receiving no active treatment.