SB5: health, disease and medicine Flashcards
(124 cards)
1
Q
health
A
complete physical, social & mental well-being, not the absence of disease or infirmity
2
Q
physical
A
no disease, good sleep, regular activity, limited harmful substances
3
Q
social
A
get on well with others, how surroundings attect you
4
Q
mental
A
how you feel about yourself
5
Q
communicable disease
A
speed from person to person, contagious disease with pathogens
6
Q
non-communicable disease
A
not contagious, no pathogens
7
Q
risk factors
A
increase the likelihood of developing a non-communicable disease
8
Q
examples of risk factors
A
drinking, smoking, over-eating, urbanisation (less disease over years), stress, anxiety, obesity
9
Q
why might it be hard to change risk factors?
A
-not only personal drive is required
-healthy food is more expensive
-smoking and drinking is constantly advertised
10
Q
how can lifestyle risks be reduced by governments?
A
-fresh food can be made more available
-healthy food can be served at school
-more opportunity for activity
- less ads for drinking & smoking
-free clean water
-reformulate processed food
-promote public transport
11
Q
disease correlation
A
-one disease damages the immune system, making it easier for other pathogens to cause disease
-a disease damages the body’s natural barriers and defences, allowing pathogens to get into the body easily
-a disease stops an organ and makes it more likely for more diseases to occur
12
Q
why are genetic disorders non-communicable?
A
-genetic disorder are non-communicable as they can’t be passed through pathogens and are non-contagious (go to offspring)
13
Q
sickle cell (explanation, symptoms & cures)
A
-red blood cells become deformed and form sickle shapes (get jammed & clump)
-cause lack of oxygen
symptoms:
-fatigue, strokes, extreme pain, stunted growth
cures:
mri scans, blood transfusions
14
Q
malnutrition
A
-inadequate diet
-too much or too little of particular nutrients
15
Q
kwashiorkor
A
-common in developing countries
-protein defiency
-symptoms = enlarged belly, small muscles, stunted growth
-sources of nutrients = fish, meat, eggs, lentils
16
Q
scurvy
A
-vitamin c deficiency
-symptoms = bleeding gums,
muscle & joint pain, tiredness
-sources of nutrients = vitamin c (heal
wounds & maintain health tissue), citrus fruits, broccoli
17
Q
rickets
A
-vitamin d deficiency
-symptoms = soft bones, curved leg bones
-sources of nutrients = vitamin d (maintain healthy bones & teeth), oily fish: sardines, eggs, dairy)
18
Q
anaemia
A
-iron deficiency
-symptoms = tiredness, fatigue, smaller & less red blood cells, lack of oxygen
-sources of nutrients = red meat, spinach
19
Q
what does alcohol contain?
A
ethanol
20
Q
what happens to ethanol when alcohol is drank?
A
-ethanol is absorbed into blood, it travels to the brain where the nervous system is affected
21
Q
why is alcohol a depressant?
A
it slows down the central nervous system
22
Q
what are some effects of alcohol?
A
-bad judgement
-slurred speech
-blurred vision
-bad balance
23
Q
what happens to those who drink alcohol regularly?
A
they have to drink more to cause the same effects and may become alcoholics
24
Q
what are some disadvantages to alcohol?
A
-makes it easier to catch chest infection
-overdose can stop breathing
-can cause stomach ulcers
- can cause blockages in arteries
25
what is cirrhosis?
livers break chemicals into waste, when lots of ethanol is broken down, the liver gets scarred & is less efficient, it then takes longer to break down chemicals etc
26
CVD (cardiovascular disease)
steps
-fat cholesterol plaques develop & narrow blood vessels
-the outer layer of plaque cracks
-blood cells fill the crack & blood cells clot at the crack
-artery narrows more
-the blood flow is blocked & oxygen can't reach the heart it dies
27
what is a stent?
a wire mesh tube inserted into the arteries to widen them & keep them open so blood can pass through
28
advantages of stents
-lowers risk of heart attacks
-lasts long
-quick recovery time from surgery
29
disadvantages of stents
-risk of complications from surgery (eg: heart attack)
-risk of infection, clot could develop (thrombosis)
30
what are statins?
reduce amount of bad cholesterol & slow down rate of fatty deposit
31
advantages of statins
-reduce strokes, heart attacks
-increase good cholesterol
-can prevent other diseases
32
disadvantages of statins
-long-term drug (could forget to take)
-can cause headaches, kidney failure, liver damage, memory loss
-effects take time
33
what are anticoagulants?
medicines that prevent blood clots
34
advantages of anticoagulants
-blood vessels narrow less due to less blood clots
35
disadvantages of anticoagulants
-excessive bleeding when patient has a clot
-long-term (can forget to take)
-kidney failure, bone fractures
36
what are antihypertensives?
-treat high blood pressure
37
advantages of antihypertensives
-prevent vessel damage by lowering blood pressure
38
disadvantages of antihypertensives
-fainting & headaches
-withdrawal hypertension
39
what is a heart transplant
-donor organ from the dead
40
advantages of heart transplants
new heart = better life
41
disadvantages of heart transplants
-shortage of donors
-anti-rejection drugs needed
42
what is bypass surgery?
a piece of healthy vessel from elsewhere can bypass the blocked section
43
advantages of bypass surgery
-blood flow is improved
-minimally invasive surgery
44
disadvantages of bypass surgery
-doesn't cure heart disease that blocks vessels
-surgery can lead to complications
45
how are communicable diseases caused?
micro-organisms
pathogens (a bacterium, virus etc that can cause disease
46
how are communicable diseases spread?
air, water & direct contact
47
bacteria
-small cells w/o nucleus
-rapidly reproduce inside body
-produce toxins that damage cells & tissues
48
virus
-reproduce rapidly in body
-live in cells, use cells to replicate
-the cell will burst & release the new virus
-not alive, need human body to replicate
49
protist
-eukaryotes
-mostly single-felled
-some are parasites
-live inside or on other organisms & can damage them
-usually transferred by vector which doesn't get the disease
50
fungus
-single-celled
-some have hyphae body (thread like structure)
-hyphae can grow & penetrate human skin & plant surfaces, then cause diseases
-produce spores that can be spread to other plants & animals
51
prevention of communicable disease through hygiene
-washing hands
-clean surfaces
-catch it, bin it, kill it
52
prevention of communicable disease through destroying vectors
some pathogens are carried by vectors that spread disease to humans
-insecticides
-destroying habitats
-repellents
53
prevention of communicable disease through isolating infected individuals
prevent the infected from passing on disease
-isolation for 2 weeks (legally obligated)
-lockdown
54
prevention of communicable disease through vaccinations
vaccinating animals & people against communicable disease means they can't develop the infection & pass it along
-herd immunity
-smallpox vaccination was so successful that smallpox was eliminated in 1980
55
cholera
-bacteria that causes vomiting, diarrhea & dehydration
-spread by contaminated water and focal matter and treated with rehydration & antibiotics
56
tb
-bacteria that causes fever, weakness, weight loss & damage to lungs
-spread by droplets from an infected persons cough
-treated with vaccination or antibiotics for 6 months
57
chalara ash dieback
-fungus which causes trees to lose leaves and get bark lesions
-spread via spores in the air
-treated by removing infected leaves & using fungicides
58
malaria
-protists that cause tiredness & fever due to loss of red blood cells
-spread by female mosquitoes
-treated with anti-malarial medicines that kill protists or prevented contact
59
hiv/aids
-virus that causes no symptoms after first infection, but destroys immune system and makes body vulnerable to infection
-spread with blood and sexual contact
-treated with retroviral drugs
60
stomach ulcers
-bacteria that cause ulcers, pain & vomiting
-spread by oral transmission
-treated with antibiotics
61
ebola
-virus that causes fever, severe bleeding, organ damage & death
-spread by an infected persons bodily fluids
-treated with hydration & blood transfusions but has no cure yet
62
how do viruses reproduce?
by infecting living cells
63
what do antibiotics work on?
bacteria
64
lytic cycle
-the virus binds to surface of the host
-it's DNA is inserted into the host's cell the virus uses the cell to start building components which combine to make new viruses
-once filled with the virus, the cell burns & the virus is released
-nearby cells are then infected by the virus and it is spread throughout the hosts body
65
lysogenic cycle
(replicates the phage genome without destroying the host)
-the virus injects the DNA into the host cell and the DNA becomes incorporated into the host DNA
-as the host cell replicates, the viral DNA replicates too, but no new virus particles are made
-change in the environment causes the viral DNA to move to the lytic pathway to make new virus particles
66
structure of virus
-capsid (made of protein) with strand of viral DNA inside
- legs to attach
67
how is the cuticle a physical barrier?
makes it hard for the pathogens to reach cells underneath
68
how can fungi overcome plant defences?
hyphae grow & penetrate plant skin, enzymes are released from the top of each thread
69
why are damaged plants infected easier?
pathogens can enter through damaged area (less barriers) and have easier entry
70
why would a farmer be scared of aphids?
aphids can feed on sap & can carry viruses
71
how do wild potato protect themselves from aphids?
-release a substance that aphids release when attacked by a predator & cause the aphid to fly away
-only produce chemicals when needed, so doesn't waste energy (chemical production takes energy)
72
substances from plants as medicine
aspirin (controls pain/fever) originally produced by salicylic acid
artesimin (kills protists that cause malaria, extracted from wormwood plant)
73
what are symptoms of plant disease?
discolouration, spots, stunted growth, decay, malformation
74
identifying stress
farmers find out if crops are under stress (environment, pests) and then they treat the crops to stop reduction of yield
75
distribution analysis
-looking at where damaged plants occur, to help identify the cause of damage
-farmers usually do field walks in a crop's growing season to check for symptoms of poor plant growth
-the farmer then records where in the field any problems occur and checks to see how distribution changes a few days later
76
how do you test for and treat flooding?
-test soil for high levels of water
-reduce water/improve drainage
77
how to test for and treat nutrient deficiency?
-test soil for nutrients
-add fertiliser/crop rotation
78
how to test for and treat pathogens/pests in soil?
-analyse plant tissue with microscope
-pesticides
79
how to test for and treat airborne pathogens/pests?
-trap/analyse plants
-pesticides
80
how do microbes enter a body?
ears, mouth, nose, genitals and cuts
81
physical barriers
stop pathogens getting past them or make it harder
82
chemical barriers
react with substances in the pathogen & kill them or make them inactive
83
nose defences
-ciliated epithelial cells move substances across their surfaces (cilia hair) & carry first and pathogens out of the body or into the throat
-lysosomes (break down walls of bacteria) in mucus
84
skin defences
-physical barrier
-sweat
-heals cuts with scabs
-lysosomes
85
eye defences
-lysosomes (break down walls in bacteria) in tears
86
trachea
-mucus is sticky and traps dust & pathogens
-cilia move pathogens
87
stomach defences
-hydrochloride acid (pH1)
-reduces the ph of stomach contents
-pathogens are destroyed at this acidity
88
lymphocytes
a type of white blood cell that make antibodies to fight off infections
89
b cells
produce antibodies
90
t cells/memory lymphocytes
recognise the antigens of the pathogen on the surface of the cell
91
phagocytes
engulfs and destroys pathogens
92
antigen
a protein that triggers the production of an antibody. pathogens never have the same shape of antigen
93
antibody
a substance produced by the body that destroys or inactivates an antigen that has entered the body
-complementary to antigen
-holds antigen in place till phagocyte destroys antigen
94
body's response to a first-time infection
1. pathogen enters body, pathogens are the same type and have the same antigens
2. pathogens in the blood come into contact with lymphocytes (different lymphocytes have different antibodies)
3. lymphocytes with antibodies that match antigens attach to the pathogen and activate
4. activated lymphocytes divide rapidly to create copies with the same antibodies
5. some lymphocytes release antibodies into the blood
6. the antibodies attach to the pathogens & cause them to die
7. when all pathogens die, a few memory lymphocytes (t cells) remain in the blood
95
what do vaccines do?
-initiate the creation of antibodies without creating sickness
-build immunity
-memory cells remember the pathogen so they can eliminate them when the host is truly sick
96
vaccine steps
1. the person is injected with a weakened version of the microbe
2. white blood cells produce antibodies to fight off the microbe
3. if they get infected in the future, the body will recognise the microbe & antibodies will be produced quicker
4. the microbe will be destroyed quickly so they don't get ill
97
bacteriostatic
they stop processes that bacteria need to multiply (linezolid)
98
bactericidial
kill bacteria (eg: preventing cell wall) - penicillin
99
do antibiotics affect the immune system?
no
100
do antibiotics affect viruses?
no
101
what do antibiotics attack?
bacterial infections that our immune system can't control
102
alexander fleming
he left a sandwich and it went mouldy, less and smaller bacteria didn't grew around the sandwich
103
how do we find new medicine?
by looking into old records and wives tales (eg: willow bark = aspirin)
104
efficacy
how well the drug works
105
toxicity
how harmful it is (side effects)
106
dosage
concentration of drug needed
107
stages of drug development
preclinical:
1. drug is tested on human cells & tissues, lots of substances can be cheaply tested, however this doesn't show how a full organism will be affected
2. drug is tested in live animals, which shows efficacy and toxicity
clinical:
3. drugs are given to healthy volunteers in a low dosage, immune system can prevent it in the future, because the people are healthy, the full effect of the drug can be seem. dosage is increased to see the max dosage without side effects
4. those suffering from the disease are tested on, the dose is slowly increased so that the optimism dosage is found. the efficacy is maximised while toxicity is minimised
108
placebo test
half of participant have the real drug while half have the placebo.
blind = volunteers don't know
double blind = doctors & volunteers don't
knOw
109
monoclonal antibodies
1. a mouse is injected with a vaccine containing an antigen to start the formation of antibodies
2. the mouse naturally produces lymphocytes, which produce antibodies specific to the antigen
3. spleen cells which produce the lymphocytes are removed during a small operation
4. the spleen cells are fused with human cancerous white blood cells called myeloma cells to form hybridoma cells which divide indefinitely
5. these hybridoma cells divide and produce millions of monoclonal antibodies specific to the original antigen
110
how are STIs passed around?
through sexual contact
111
how to reduce the spread of STIs?
-abstain from sexual activity
-barrier-type of contraception like a condom
112
what is chlamydia?
-sexually transmitted infection caused by a bacterium
-it is a common infection, especially amongst people under 25
113
when should people test for chlamydia?
every year or if they change partner
114
what does chlamydia cause?
-burning pain when urinating
-often forms a thick yellow or green discharge from an infected person's penis or vagina
-in women it can also cause bleeding between periods
-men can develop swollen testicles
115
what can chlamydia cause when untreated?
infertility
116
how is HIV transmitted?
-by body fluids, often during unprotected sex
-through cuts and injecting drugs using unsterilized needles immediately after infection
117
symptoms of HIV
flu-like symptoms
118
how do people develop AIDS
-months or years after the infection of the HIV virus, the virus may become active and start to attack the patient’s immune system
-HIV at this point has resulted in AIDS
119
cures for HIV:
-no cure right now
-people are given antiviral drugs, which can significantly slow the development of AIDS
120
why aren’t viruses alive?
they don’t complete all seven life processes
121
athlete’s foot
-a rash caused by a fungus that is usually found between people's toes. -causes dry, red and flaky or white, wet and cracked skin
-often found in communal areas like swimming pool changing rooms or gyms
-transmitted by touching infected skin or surfaces that have been previous contaminated
-treated by antifungal medication.
122
plant physical defences: bark
-many plants are covered with a thick bark
-external layer of dead cells which forms a physical barrier against infection
123
plant physical defences: thorns & hairs
-plants like roses have evolved large thorns to avoid being eaten
-these adaptations protect plants from damage from pests and from disease from pathogens carried by pests
124
core practical: agar steps (method a)
1. glass petri dishes and agar gel must be sterilised in an autoclave before use (kill any bacteria that are present in the solution or on the petri dishes)
2. pour the sterile agar plates and allow to fully set (provides the bacterium with nutrients for growth)
3. use a sterile pipette to add a few drops of the microorganism solution to the agar. close the lid of the agar plate and place the pipette in disinfectant. (this solution contains the bacteria that will grow on the agar)
4. unwrap a sterile spreader or sterilise a spreader in ethanol. use the spreader to spread the microorganism solution, across the entire surface of the agar plate. (allows a lawn of bacteria to be produced across the whole of the plate) replace the lid as soon as possible, secure with tape over the top
5. label and invert the plate, and store upside down (stops unwanted bacteria in the air contaminating the plate, do not fully seal the lid, as this reduces the chance of growing harmful pathogens)
6. incubate at a maximum temperature of 25°C in schools and colleges. (reduces the chance of growing harmful pathogens. hospital laboratories would incubate plates at 37°C to allow quick growth and identification)
