sba mistakes Flashcards
(49 cards)
raised serum amylase causes
acute pancreatitis
why is oxygen given pre op
to increase time to desaturation and because of reduced functional residual capacity (FRC) under anaesthesia
increase oxygen reserves in order to prevent hypoxemia during apnea
how does squamous cell carcinoma present
ill defined edges, ulceration, and tenderness, usually looking like a fleshy growth
melanoma presentation
flat, and different in colour and progresses from a mole
basal cell carcinoma presentation
round and skin-coloured with blood vessels visible and a pearly rolled edge
steps for approach for organ transplantation
Careful ABO and HLA cross-matching is the most important initial step to take before doing a transplantation
Taking immunosuppressants would come second to that
The donor should be selected with as close as possible HLA match to the recipient
how does kidney failure affect calcium levels
kidneys are less able to make active vitamin D. Without enough active vitamin D, you absorb less calcium so hypocalcaemia
PTH will be highly activated in this case taking calcium from the bones and causing renal bone disease i.e. due to secondary hyperparathyroidism
how kidney failure affect phosphate levels
Low eGFR causes serum phosphate to increase because the kidney cant excrete it any longer.
difference between polymyalgia rheumatica and polymyositis
proximal weakness of upper and lower limbs
struggles to lift arms above the shoulder level and to stand from sitting unaided
Polymyositis develops over weeks
Polymyalgia Rheumatica develops acutely
Polymyalgia Rheumatica would present with very similar symptoms however there is no raised creatine kinase and on top of that, it also comes with the possibility of fever, anaemia and weight loss
treatment for acute alcohol withdrawal
chlordiazepoxide
wernickes encephalopathy presentation
Confusion
Gait Ataxia
Opthalmoplegia
paralysis of extraocular muscles; CN 3, 4, 6
aplastic crisis sickle cell
when a patient with sickle cell has an infection with parvovirus
rash experienced a few weeks ago
fatigue, pallor, shortness of breath
vit B 12 physiology
Vitamin B12 is only absorbed in the ileum upon binding with intrinsic factor which is produced in the stomach
Huntington’s presentation
- chorea — jerking movements
- athetosis — slow writhing involuntary movements
- myoclonus — sudden brief involuntary twitching of muscles
PLUS cognitive and personality and psychiatric changes
Myotonic dystrophy
- Bilateral late-onset cataract
- Muscle weakness, stiffness, prolonged contractions (myotonia)
when is bnp used
heart failure
hypertension management in over 55 years
Start CCB
If they have T2DM use ACEIs or ARB instead of CCB
Add Thiazide-type diuretic (e.g. Indapamide)
Add ACEIs or ARB
If black then use an ARB instead of A.
Add Beta-blocker
Add one of the less commonly used agents
hypertension management if below 55 years
Start ACEIs or ARB
If female of child bearing age start CCB (e.g. nifedipine) or Beta Blocker (e.g. labetolol) because ACEIs are teratogenic
If black of African or African-Caribbean descent use ARB instead of ACEis due to risk of angioedema
If presenting with dry cough do not use ACEis. use ARB
Add Thiazide type diuretic (e.g. Indapamide)
Add Calcium channel blocker
Add Beta-blocker
Add one of the less commonly used agents
anankastia
perfectionism and emotional and behavioural constraint
five minimum standards of monitoring during general anaesthesia
- 3 lead ECG
- Oxygen sats
- Non-invasive blood pressure (NIBP)
- Capnography — ECEnd tidal CO2 (ETCO2)
- Airway pressure
negative affectivity
experience of emotions that is out of proportion to situations in addition with negativistic attitudes and mistrusfulness
Detachment
socially and emotionally; i.e. no social interactions, no talking about feelings or expressing them
Dissociality
self-centeredness, a sense of entitlement and lack of empathy
disinhibition
similar to an impulsive personality; with impulsivity, distractability, irresponsibility and lack of planning
