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00 DIVERSITY SBI3U > sbi3u_flashcards_-_unit_3_-_diversity_20250613131434 > Flashcards

sbi3u_flashcards_-_unit_3_-_diversity_20250613131434

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1
Q

Biodiversity

A

The number & variety of species and ecosystems on Earth

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2
Q

Genetic diversity

A

Genetic variability among organisms; usually referring to individuals of the same species (genetic makeup differences)

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3
Q

Species diversity

A

Variety of species in an ecosystem and the number of individuals within each of those species

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4
Q

Structural diversity

A

Range of physical sizes, shapes, & distribution of individuals as well as habitats & communities in an ecosystem

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5
Q

Types of species interaction (for structural diversity)

A

Food supply - Boneworms eat bones of whales

Protection - Ants protect cecropia trees (and the trees give the ants shelter)

Transportation - Flower mites on hummingbirds bills

Reproduction - Woodpeckers’ nests inside trees

Hygiene - Large fish get teeth cleaned by shrimp and other small fish

Digestion - Bacteria eats vitamins in human intestine

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6
Q

Dichotomous key

A

Series of branching, two part-statements to identify organisms. It can help identify species.

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7
Q

Taxonomy

A

Science of classifying all organisms (living & fossil species)

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8
Q

Binomial nomenclature

A

Genus name + species name

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9
Q

Taxa (singular is taxon)

A

Categories to classify organisms

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10
Q

7 taxas

A

Kingdom, phylum, class, order, family, genus, species

Most inclusive to most specific

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11
Q

Phylogeny

A

Study of evolutionary relatedness between, and among, species

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12
Q

Phylogenetic tree

A

Diagram depicting the evolutionary relationships between different species or group

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13
Q

Clade

A

A taxonomic group that includes a single common ancestor and all of its descendants

*Protista is the only kingdom that does not represent a clade

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14
Q

Prokaryote

A

Single-celled organisms that do not contain membrane-bound organelles.

Ex. bacteria

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15
Q

Eukaryote

A

Organism where cells have unicellular & multi-cellular membrane-bound organelles

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16
Q

Domain

A

highest taxonomic level

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17
Q

3 domains (and what kingdoms do they have in them, cell type, and number of cells)

A

Eubacteria - has kingdom eubacteria - prokaryrote - unicellular

Archaea - has kingdom archaea - prokaryote - unicellular

Eukaryotes - has kingdoms protista, animals, plants, & fungi - eukaryote - multicellular

*protists and fungi are both multicellular and unicellular

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18
Q

Cladograms

A

are used to illustrate the evolutionary relationships, or phylogeny, of different groups of species or organisms

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19
Q

Characteristics of living things

A

Movement, respiration, sensitivity, growth, reproduction, excretion, & nutrition

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20
Q

Why are viruses non-living things?

A

Because they do not possess specific characteristics necessary to be considered living.

They can only REPRODUCE with a host organism [and evolve]

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21
Q

Viruses

A

Small, infectious particles containing genetic material surrounded by a capsid

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22
Q

Capsid

A

Protein coat that surrounds the DNA or the RNA of a virus

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23
Q

RNA

A

Nucleic acid that carries genetic information that provides instructions for synthesizing protein

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24
Q

Epidemic

A

Large-scale outbreak of disease, usually confined to a limited geographic region

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25
Pandemic
Epidemic that occurs over a widespread geographic area, often globally
26
Bacteriophage
Virus that infects bacteria by injecting their DNA into the bacterium
27
Virus Structure
Viruses all consist of an RNA or DNA molecule surrounded by a capsid. Some also are surrounded by an envelope.
28
Lysis
Rupturing of a host cell, releasing about 100 to 200 new viruses into its surroundings
29
Lysogeny
State of dormancy where viral DNA stays in the host's cell for many cycle generations
30
Methods of transmissions and the viral diseases they cause
Bite by infected mammal - Rabies Exchange of body fluids - HIV/AIDS Airborne & by contact - Influenza, common cold, chicken pox Direct contact - Measles, mumps
31
Gene therapy
Method of treating disease where genes are introduced into cells to replace, supplement, or repair a defective gene. Viruses are used to deliver drugs or genes to targeted cells by replacing the viral DNA in capsids with drugs.
32
How do vaccines help to protect against viral diseases?
Vaccines imitate weakened infections to engage body's natural defenses
33
Viroids
Small, infectious pieces of RNA
34
Prion
Infectious proteins
35
Characteristics of Prokaryotes
Single-celled & lack membrane-bound organelles
36
Roles of bacteria in organisms & ecosystems
- Many are decomposers & producers. Ex. Photosynthetic bacteria are major producers of atmospheric oxygen in marine ecosystems - They play a role in Mutualism - Relationship between 2 species that benefit from each other. Ex. Bacteria produces vitamins K and B12 in human intestine - They also produce antibiotics and have commercial uses for kimchi & yogurt
37
Characteristics of Eubacteria - Structure
- Has a single loop of DNA, called a Plasmid: Small loop of DNA carrying a small amount of genes. - Complex cell walls made of peptidoglycan - Small, hair-like pili - Some are also covered by a Capsule: Outer layer, provides some protection
38
Characteristics of Eubacteria - Shape & Metabolism
Shape: Spirillum (spiral shape), bacillus (oval shape), or coccus (circle/sphere shape) Metabolism: 1. Obligate aerobes - cannot survive WITHOUT oxygen. 2. Facultative aerobes - can survive with or without oxygen 3. Obligate anaerobes - cannot survive WITH oxygen
39
Characteristics of Eubacteria - Reproduction & genetic variation as well as endospore
Reproduction: Normally done asexually through... Binary fission - division of one parent cell into 2 identical daughter cells Also can happen through... Conjugation - two cells joining together to exchange genetic information. One bacterial cell passes a copy of Plasmid to a nearby cell through a hollow pilus Transformation - Bacterial cell takes in genetic information from its environment (from where the cells died). Eubacteria can form... Endospore: Highly resistant structure that forms around chromosome when the cell is under stress
40
Bacterial diseases
Cholera - Vibrio cholerae Diphtheria - Corynebacterium diphtheriae Lyme disease - Borrelia burgdorferi Pertussis - Bordetella pertussis Rocky mountain spotted fever - Rickettsia Rickettsii Scarlet fever - Streptococcus pyogenes Tetanus - Clostridium tetani
41
How does genetic diversity in bacteria lead to antibiotic resistance?
Genetic diversity allows the chance of bacteria with antibiotic resistance to survive exposure to antibiotics and create a population resistant to antibiotics, making them ineffective.
42
Archaea subgroups
1. Methanogens - live in low oxygen environments, metabolism produces CH4 2. Halophiles - live in extremely salty environments. Ex. Dead Sea 3. Extreme thermophiles - live in extremely hot environments (ideal 70 C to 95 C) 4. Psychrophiles - live in very cold environments (ideal -10 C to -20C)
43
Roles of protists in organisms/ecosystems
Protists that perform photosynthesis are the major producers in the world's oceans. Non-photosynthetic protists are important consumers. Also in food such as nori (sushi), agar (jelly), and carrageenan (red seaweed).
44
Diseases caused by protists
Malaria (by Plasmodium) & beaver fever (by Giardia)
45
Origin of Eukaryotes
Protists were the first. Mitochondria & chloroplasts are from endosymbiosis. Endosymbiosis - where one type of cell lives in another type of cell. Mitochondria & chloroplasts were once prokaryotic, but were engulfed by another prokaryotic cell and incorporated into them.
46
Protists characteristics
** Not animals, plants, or fungi Metabolism - aerobic or anaerobic - photoautotrophs (use photosynthesis for food) & heterotrophic (eats animals and plants for food) Most are unicellular, but some are multicellular
47
Reproduction of protists (ex. Paramecia)
Unicellular protists reproduce asexually by binary fission Multicellular protists reproduce sexually by conjugation
48
Paramecium Characteristics
- Use cilia to move - Vacuoles that contract to expel water
49
Euglena Characteristics
- Use flagella to move - Has chloroplasts
50
Amoeba
- Hard, outer skeletons - Move by extension of cytoplasm called pseudopods
51
Alternation of generations
Alternates between diploid (sexual reproduction) & haploid (asexual reproduction). Ex. brown algae
52
Characteristics of fungi
- Almost all multicellular - Source of energy - heterotrophic, external digestion - Reproduces above ground by fragmentation, budding, or producing spores - Body is usually below ground; has branched network (mycelium) with hyphae inside it. - Has cell walls with chitin
53
Main differences of fungi from plants
Not photosynthetic, different cell structure/reproduction methods
54
Characteristics of moulds, yeast, and mushrooms
Moulds - forms network of hyphae called mycelium Yeast - unicellular, evolved from fungi, reproduces by budding Mushrooms - dikaryotic (2 nuclei), form sexual spores to reproduce
55
Diseases caused by fungi
Animals - Athlete's foot, ringworm, aspergillosis Plants - apple scab Cordyceps - parasitic fungus that infects insect hosts & uses them to reproduce
56
Helpful roles of fungi in ecosystems (ex. Mycorrhiza... what is it?)
Ecosystems - Major decomposers on Earth, almost all plants rely on fungi to help them obtain nutrients from soil Mycorrhiza - symbiotic relationship between fungus & plant root, where hyphae (fuzzy mould) grows around or within the root cells of the plant, which helps gives nutrients to plants. Plants give energy-rich food molecules to fungi.
57
Helpful roles of fungi in humans
- Eating edible mushrooms/truffles Used to make soy sauce, bread, blue cheese, and alcohol, as well as penicillin
58
What kingdom is Fungi closely related to?
Fungi are most closely related to the Animal Kingdom (rather than the Plant Kingdom).
59
Characteristics of plants
- Multicellular eukaryotes - Photosynthetic - Cell walls composed of cellulose - Terrestrial plants are sessile (stationary)
60
Bryophytes (mosses)
- No vascular system (moves by diffusion, from cell to cell) - No true leaves/roots/seeds - Not very tall and can only live in wet conditions
61
Lycophytes (club mosses) & pterophytes (ferns & relatives)
- Vascular tissue (xylem & phloem) which contains lignin
62
Gymnosperms
Produces seeds in cones. Pollen, grains fertilize ovules, producing seeds.
63
Angiosperms
- More than 90% of plants are angiosperms (flowering plants) - Pollen and ovules found in flowers, seeds are formed in fruits - 2 major groups - monocots & eudicots
64
Structures in leaves that are adaptations to terrestrial environments
Cuticle and stomata/guard cells (to prevent water loss)
65
Characteristics of animals
Multicellular eukaryotes, heterotrophic, uses aerobic cellular respiration, most are motile (moves), most complex of all organisms
66
Features to classify animals
- Presence of nervous system - Type of symmetry (radial = symmetry around a central axis, OR bilateral = symmetry around a midline) - Protostome (mouth develops first) vs. deuterostome (anus develops first) - Number of germ layers (layers of cells) in developing embryo - Presence of coelom (body cavity)
67
Phylum chordata characteristics
Gill slits, dorsal nerve cord, notochord attaching body wall muscles. Includes fish, amphibians, reptiles, birds, & mammals
68
What is the science of identifying and classifying living organisms called?
Taxonomy
69
What is the system of naming organisms using their genus & species called?
Binomial nomenclature
70
What are the 7 taxa in order?
Kingdom, phylum, class, order, family, genus, species
71
What type of key is a series of branching, two-part statements used to identify organisms?
Dichotomous key
72
What are the 3 domains?
Eubacteria, Archaea, Eukaryotes
73
What types of relationships does a phylogenetic tree show?
Evolutionary relationships (between species or groups)
74
What is structural diversity?
The range of physical shapes and sizes (of individuals as well as habitats) in an ecosystem
75
What are 3 characteristics of all prokaryotes?
Here are some examples ... Single-celled (unicellular), no membrane-bound organelles, single chromosome, reproduce by binary fission, small size
76
What is the difference between an epidemic and a pandemic?
An epidemic is concentrated in one geographical area; a pandemic is global
77
What are the 2 basic components in the structure of all viruses?
Protein coat (capsid) + DNA or RNA
78
What are 2 characteristics of living organisms that viruses do not possess?
Here are some examples ... Using energy, producing waste, growth, made of cells
79
Briefly describe how viruses can be used in gene therapy?
Viruses can carry genes to cells to replace, supplement, or repair defective genes
80
What are the 3 shapes of bacteria?
Coccus (spherical), bacillus (rod-shaped), spirillum (spiral)
81
What are 2 processes that are considered sexual reproduction in bacteria?
Conjugation and transformation
82
What does endosymbiosis explain?
It explains the origin of eukaryotic cells (especially the origin of membrane-bound organelles such as the mitochondria and chloroplasts)
83
What is one feature that distinguishes the Euglenoids from the ciliates and the amoebas?
The euglenoids are photosynthetic/autotrophic (or they have 2 flagella for movement)
84
If the field diameter is 4 mm on low power (4x) objective, what is the field diameter on high power (40x) objective?
0.4 mm
85
What is the difference between the cell walls of fungi and of plants?
Fungi cell walls have chitin; plant cell walls have cellulose
86
According to Phylogeny, to what kingdom are the Fungi most closely related?
Animal kingdom
87
What is mycorrhiza?
A symbiotic relationship between a fungus and the roots of a plant
88
Name 5 uses that humans have for fungi
Here are some examples ... Mushrooms/truffles to eat, yeast to make bread, beer, wine, and other alcoholic beverages, antibiotics such as penicillin, anti rejection drug cyclosporine, to make blue cheese & soy sauce, used for genetic engineering research

00 DIVERSITY SBI3U (1 decks)

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