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OO PLANTS SBI3U > sbi3u_flashcards_-_unit_4_-_plants_20250612141530 > Flashcards

sbi3u_flashcards_-_unit_4_-_plants_20250612141530

(49 cards)

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1
Q

Succession

A

Gradual change in species composition

…Lichens are pioneer species - first living organisms to colonize an area

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2
Q

Primary succession

A

Occurs in area where there are no plants, animals, or soil. Ex. Lava flow

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3
Q

Secondary succession

A

Occurs after a disturbance in an ecosystem, such as a forest fire or flood. Disturbances can be due to human activity or naturally (ex. lightning strike)

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4
Q

Human impact (Negative and positive)

A

Negative - Interferes with succession and reduces biodiversity. Ex. Deforestation, urbanization, & agriculture

Positive - Selective cutting (instead of clear cutting) can let a community to remain in later stage of succession, maintaining biodiversity

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5
Q

Cotyledons

A

Structures that supply nutrients to the plant embryo

“Seed leaf”

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6
Q

SEEDS

Monocots vs. Eudicots

A

Monocots - Has 1 cotyledon (seed leaf)

Eudicots - Has 2 cotyledons (seed leaf)

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7
Q

Venation

A

Veins

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8
Q

LEAVES

Monocots vs. Eudicots

A

Monocots - Parallel venation

Eudicots - Branching network venation

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9
Q

Vascular bundles

A

Arrangement of xylem & phloem vascular tissues

Note: Xylem cells are dead at maturity, but phloem cells are alive. Also, xylem & phloem tissues DON’T have nuclei

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10
Q

STEMS

Monocots vs. Eudicots

A

Monocots - Vascular bundles found throughout ground tissue

Eudicots - Vascular bundles form ring

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11
Q

Vascular cylinder

A

Central core of the stem & root of a plant; Contains xylem & phloem tissue

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12
Q

ROOTS

Monocots vs. Eudicots

A

Monocots - Circular

Eudicots - X-shaped

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13
Q

Herbaceous vs. Woody

A

Herbaceous - Plants with stems that don’t have wood

Woody - Plants with stems that contain wood

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14
Q

Structure of Woody stems:

Vascular cambium & cork cambium

A

Vascular cambium - Meristematic cell layer in vascular tissue. Xylem tissue in on inside, phloem on outside. A layer of each is produced every year.

Cork cambium - Meristematic layer in a woody plant that produces cork

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15
Q

Passive vs Active Transport

A

Passive - uses concentration gradient & doesn’t require energy

Active - needs energy (ATP) as it goes against the concentration gradient

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16
Q

Water Transport (Transport in Xylem)

  1. Ground to roots
A

Water moves into the roots by osmosis (diffusion of water molecules across a selectively permeable membrane)

Nutrients move by active transport.

Water diffuses into epidermis, then cortex, then endodermis.

Endodermis regulates water flow through the roots. Endodermal cells are surrounded by the Casparian strip, wax-like and prevents water from diffusing back into cortex

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17
Q

Water Transport (Transport in Xylem)

  1. Roots to stem
A

Xylem sap moves up stem due to:

  1. Root pressure (from osmosis force aka nutrients & water moving into roots)
  2. Capillary action (attraction between water molecules allowing them to move together)
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18
Q

Water Transport (Transport in Xylem)

  1. Stem to leaves
A

Transpiration (evaporation of water through the stomata) from leaves pulls the xylem sap upward & is the main driving force of transport in xylem

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19
Q

Sugar Transport (Transport in Phloem)

Source and Sink?

  1. Source to Phloem
A

Sugar move from source (cells with high concentration of sugars) to sink (cells with low concentration of sugars)

  • Sugars actively transported
  • Water moves into phloem through osmosis (passive)
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20
Q

Sugar Transport (Transport in Phloem)

  1. During transport in phloem
Study These Flashcards
A

Translocation - long-distance transport of substances through phloem. Caused by differences in pressure in phloem & sink cells

21
Q

Sugar Transport (Transport in Phloem)

  1. Phloem to sink
Study These Flashcards
A

Sugars diffuse from phloem (passive)

Water returns to xylem by osmosis (passive)

22
Q

Asexual reproduction in plants

Study These Flashcards
A

Uses stems, leaves, & roots

Grows through mitosis; genetically identical

Ex. Potatoes, strawberries, bryophyllum plants, & dandelions (roots)

23
Q

Grafting? Scion? Stock?

Study These Flashcards
A

Grafting - joining two plants together; attaching a young branch
from one plant to the stem and root
of another plant

Scion - desirable plant species (detached young branch)

Stock - plant well-suited for environment. Scion is grafted onto stock.

24
Q

Monocots vs dicot seeds

Study These Flashcards
A

Monocot - 1 part (looks like corn/pomegranate) aka 1 cotyledon

Dicot - 2 parts (looks like 2 beans side-by-side) aka 2 cotyledons

25
Sexual reproduction in gymnosperms & angiosperms
Gymnosperms - uses cones; microspore (male) & megaspore (female) are formed Angiosperms - uses flowers (see other flashcard for info)
26
Flower sexual reproduction parts
Stamen - male reproductive part - Anther: floral organ that produces pollen grains - Filament: Thin stalk that support anther Carpel - Female reproductive part - Stigma: sticky surface; landing area for pollen grains - Style: Tube-like stalk that leads to ovary - Ovary: 1 or more ovules that makes seed when fertilized
27
Self-pollination vs. Cross-pollination
Self-pollination - Pollen goes from one flower to the same flower or another flower on the same plant Cross-pollination - Pollen goes from one plant to another (same species)
28
Different methods of pollination // Mechanisms of seed dispersal
Self-pollination, cross-pollination, animals & wind Animals & wind also disperse seeds
29
Apical vs Lateral Meristems
Apical - responsible for primary growth - results in increase in length of plant Lateral - responsible for secondary growth - results in increase of diameter of plant
30
Tropisms
changes in growth of plant in response to stimulus
31
Phototropism, gravitropism, & thigmotropism?
Phototropism - reacts to light Gravitropism - reacts to gravity Thigmotropism - reacts to touch
32
Plant growth regulators
Chemicals produced by plants that regulate growth & different action of cells
33
Types of plant growth regulators and what they do
Auxins - promotes cell elongation, produced in shoot apical meristem Gibberellins - induces flowering & fruit productions Cytokinins - stimulates cell division Ethylene - stimulates fruit ripening as well as many other plant stages Abscisic acid (ABA) - inhibits growth
34
Among the 4 main groups of plants, what is the distinguishing feature of bryophytes?
Bryophytes are the only group of plants that are non-vascular.
35
Among the 4 main groups of plants, what is the distinguishing feature of angiosperms?
Angiosperms are the only group of plants that produce flowers and fruit.
36
What are the 3 types of plant tissue other than meristematic, and what are their functions?
dermal tissue: physical protection, prevention of water loss, water absorption, gas exchange... ground tissue: photosynthesis; storage of nutrients, carbohydrates, water; healing of wounds; regenerating plant parts; growth; support vascular tissue: transporting water, dissolved substances, sugars and other solutes throughour the plant
37
What is the difference between primary & secondary succession?
succession is the gradual change of species in an area; primary succession occurs in an area that has no plants/ animals/soil; secondary succession occurs in an ecosystem that has been disturbed
38
What is the difference between a monocot and eudicot seed?
Monocot seeds have 1 cotyledon (seed leaf) & Eudicot seeds have 2 cotyledons.
39
What is the difference between a herbaceous stem and a woody stem?
herbaceous stem: contain little or no wood woody stem: stem with secondary growth
40
Describe one symbiotic (mutualistic) relationship between plant roots & another species.
Mycorrhizae: Fungus + plant roots. Plant provides sugar & fungus provides soil nutrients. Nitrogen-fixing bacteria: Bacteria converts N2 in the air to soluble nitrate for the plant to use.
41
What are the 2 types of vascular tissue in plants? What are their functions?
xylem: moves water & dissolved minerals from roots up to other parts of the plant phloem: moves sugars between different parts of the plant (source -> sink)
42
Give one example of asexual reproduction in plants that occurs naturally.
Many examples including: specialized stems (strawberry runners, potatoes, spider plants); roots (dandelions); leaves (Bryophyllum); etc.
43
Give one example of asexual reproduction in plants that only occurs with human assistance.
Many examples including: leaf/stem cuttings; tissue culture; grafting; etc.
44
What type of pollination is aided by animal pollinators (i.e. bees, butterflies, etc.)? How is this beneficial to the plant species?
Animal pollinators help with cross-pollination (more than self-pollination). This increases genetic diversity in the plant offspring.
45
What are the 2 types of meristems and what type of growth is each responsible for?
apical meristem: found at the tips of roots and shoots; cause primary growth (length) lateral meristem: found within stems & roots; cause secondary growth (diameter)
46
What is the difference between primary growth and secondary growth?
primary growth: growth in length of roots & stems secondary growth: growth in diameter of roots and stems
47
What 3 structures are contained in all seeds?
all seeds contain: seed coat, source of nutrition (endosperm), embryo
48
List 2 seed dispersal methods used by plants.
any 2 of... wings/ parachute-like structures to increase wind dispersal berries/fruit that are consumed by birds, etc. hooks/spines that attach to furry animals that pass the plant nuts that are buried by rodents and forgotten exploding pods/capsules that burst when mature
49
Name one plant growth regulator & explain how it is used commercially.
ethylene: used to ripen fruits (or removed to keep fruits from ripening) abscisic acid (ABA): used to keep buds dormant while transporting plants gibberellins: sprayed on fruit to increase size & productivity

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