SBQ and essay skills Flashcards
(23 cards)
Inference
conclusion that can be made from a source
Message
conclusion + audience for the message (warn, encourage, persuade) etc. - try to involve context
Purpose
Message, audience + reaction of audience + context COMPULSORY!!
Support
conclusion + analyse and deduce
originally, why the British not look for colonies to have complete control over?
”- adopted a policy of non-intervention in the affairs of the Malay states as they feared it would be costly to colonise these territories
- signed treaties with rulers which permitted them to trade”
1a) reason for British intervention in Malaya
“1. Economic opportunities for British traded
Industrial revolution -> increased production of machine-manufactured goods (factories) that required a continuous supply of raw materials
e.g. tin for tin-plating/canning industries ➡️ tin was too $$ to produce in Britain BUT, a large supply of tin was discovered in some Malay states ➡️ allowed British to secure a STEADY supply of raw materials at a >$$ ➡️ political instabilities threatened to disrupt their supply of raw materials and hence profit ➡️ NEED for INTERVENTION !!”
good to know where were tin mines found in Malaysia?
Perak, Negri Sembilan, Pahang, Selangor
1b) reason for British intervention in Malaya
British needed new markets to sell the increased number of manufactured goods ➡️ British intervention in Malaya secured their access to this market
1c) reason for British intervention in Malaya
Opening of Suez Canal in 1869 greatly shortened the travelling time/dist from Europe - Asia, straits of Melaka being the shortest route (4 months to 6 weeks) ➡️ <vol of trade to SEA, revenue increased ➡️ British realised SS was a profitable colony + need for new bases to protect their shipping from piracy
2) reason for British intervention in Malaya
“2. Competition from other European Powers
The Long Depression caused Britain to lose DOMINANCE in the world, comparing to newly industrialised countries, e.g. Germany ➡️ needed to seize more territories to protect existing trade links + other European powers (France, Germany, Italy, The Netherlands) were looking to expand political influence, trade”
3) reasons for British intervention in Malaya
“3. Change in British colonial policy
before 1873, the governing party believed that it would be costly to colonise (mainly interested in free trade) ➡️ new government aimed to boost Britain’s prestige by exteding their control over global territories (before other powers)”
4) reasons for British intervention in Malaya
“4. Local Circumstances
the political instability caused by the succession dispute in Perak + wars between (Ghee Hins and Hai Sans) chinese tin miners over the tin mining areas in Larut $$ + rampant piracy!!! ➡️ businessmen wanted to protect their investments ➡️ British had to intervene by colonising Malaya to impose law and order, (maintain peaceful + safe + stable environment) so trade would not be disrupted (19th)”
Outcomes of the Pangkor Treaty 1874
- The colonial office was initially unhappy with Clark. Later they accepted his actions when they saw the positive results.
- The Chinese were satisfied, the la (main) route area order was generally restored and tin production resumed
- Local merchants were confident that the decisive step taken by the British government in Perak would lead to increased protection of trade and commerce and open up more trading and business opportunities
- Some of the Malay chiefs were not happy. They felt the Treaty had been signed too hastily.
- Raja Abdullah and the other Malay chiefs soon realized that by accepting a British resident they had to accept the letters advice on many matters concerning the governance of Perak
- Ismail refused to accept the position of Sultan and the pension that came with it he also kept the royal regalia and retained control of Upper Perak. Raja Abdullah only controlled Lower Perak. This meant that Raja Ismail continued to control the important waterways in Perak
Birch’s actions in Perak
- Tax Collection – Birch’s administration to collect tax instead of Sultan and Malay Chiefs => local leaders angered as privilege, source of income and symbol of their prestige
In 1875, Birch asked Abdullah to sign the proclamation that would give Resident right to takeover the collection of taxes. But the Sultan refused and sent a letter of complaint to Clarke. Birch ignored and went ahead with the proclamation. Sultan and the Malay chiefs were so angry, they plotted his murder. - Cod of Civil & Criminal Law introduced to replace customary ways of dealing with civil and criminal cases => admin powers lost
- Abolishment of debt-slavery & helped runaway slaves to escape => viewed as challenging Sultan’s authority, ruined Birch’s reputation
Larut wars between tin miners (reasons)
In the 1840s, large tin deposits were discovered in Larut, Perak=> a large inflow of Chinese labourers who came to work in the newly opened tin mines.
As there were no clear physical boundaries between the mines, the different groups often fought for control over existing and newly discovered mining plots and waterways.
Succession disputes (reason)
Succession was complex because:
(i) there was no clear rules who should succeed a deceased ruler
(ii) many claimants
Therefore, it led to tensions and conflicts which led to chaos. (4th Larut War in 1873)
Key terms of the Pangkor Treaty:
- Raja Abdullah was recognized as the Sultan of Perak. Ismail was compensated and given the title of Sultan Muda and a pension of 1000 Spanish dollars a month in some territories
- The Sultan accepted a British Resident based in Perak. The Resident’s advised was to be sought and acted upon for all matters except those on Malay religion and customs
The Resident would advise the Sultan on the collection of revenue and general administration of Perak
Details of the Pangkor Treaty
- Sir Andrew Clark called for a meeting with the Perak chiefs and Chinese leaders on P. Pangkor. His aim was to decide the rightful Sultan of Perak and to settle the quarrels between the miners.
- On 15 January 1874 the Malay chiefs including Ngah Ibrahim and Raja Abdullah and the Chinese miners arrived at P Pangkor. Raja Ismail did not attend and Raja Yusof was not invited
- Representatives of the Chinese miners and factions were also invited to meet the British officials to settle their dispute. The Pankor Treaty was signed on 20th January 1874.
Birch’s Death - Why
- The Resident had to be tactful & rely on his resourcefulness to influence or persuade the Sultans and the chiefs to cooperate.
BUT Birch lacked an understanding and awareness of Malay culture and customs, and was often disdainful of the Sultan and their traditions. This made it difficult for him to establish a rapport with the Sultan and his chiefs.
what are underlying causes?
a fundamental reason or factor that contributes to a specific event or outcome
what are contributory causes?
secondary causes that do not led to the event itself but causes that aided the event
trigger
is a stimulus that elicits a reaction after the other causes
