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GCSE Edexcel Separate Chemistry > SC22-24 Organic Chemistry > Flashcards

SC22-24 Organic Chemistry Flashcards

(88 cards)

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1
Q

Define hydrocarbon

A
  • Contains hydrogen and carbon
  • **only **
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2
Q

Define homologous series

A

‘Family’ of organic compounds that have the same functional group and similar chemical properties

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3
Q

Define functional group

A

Atom or group of atoms that are responsible for the characteristics and reactions of an organic compounds

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4
Q

What are alkanes?

A

A homologous series with the general formula of CnH2n+2

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5
Q

Name the first four alkanes

A
  1. methane
  2. ethane
  3. propane
  4. butane
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6
Q

Alkanes contain saturated bonds. What does the term saturated mean?

A

They only contain single bonds between the carbons

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7
Q

What is the molecular formula for methane?

A

CH4

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8
Q

What is the molecular formula for ethane?

A

C2H6

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9
Q

What is the molecular formula for propane?

A

C3H8

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10
Q

What is the molecular formula for butane?

A

C4H10

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11
Q

What are alkenes?

A

Homologous series that contain an unsaturated bond and have a chemical formula of CNH2N

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12
Q

What does the term unsaturated bond mean?

A

Containing a double carbon bond

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13
Q

How can alkenes make more bonds?

A

By opening up the double C bond

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14
Q

What are addition reactions?

A

Reactions wherein one molecule combines with another, forming a larger molecule and no other products

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15
Q

Ethene and Bromine are in an addition reaction. What is the product formed?

A

1,2 diobromoethane

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16
Q

Why are alkenes more reactive than alkanes?

A

Their double bond allows them to merge with other molecules, whereas alkanes don’t have a double bond which limits their reactivity

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17
Q

Define isomer

A

Chemicals that have the same molecular formula but different arrangements of atoms

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18
Q

Give an example of an alkene that has isomers

A

Butene:
- but-1-ene
- but-2-ene

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19
Q

Where is the double bond placed in but-1-ene?

A

On the first carbon bond

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20
Q

Where is the double bond placed on but-2-ene?

A

On the second carbon

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21
Q

When considering isomers, what side of the chain do we begin counting from?

A

Take the shortest route: this could be going from right to left or from left to right

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22
Q

How can we test for a difference between alkanes and alkenes?

A
  1. shaking bromine water with the two solutions
  2. alkenes will decolourise the solution, changing it from orange yellow to colourless
  3. alkanes will result in no change, which means the solution remain orange-yellow
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23
Q

Which of the two homologous groups undergo complete combustion?

A

Alkanes and Alkenes

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24
Q

Which of the two homologous groups undergo incomplete combustion?

A

Alkenes

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25
What are the products formed from complete combustion?
Carbon dioxide and water
26
What is the general formula of alcohols?
CnH2n+1OH
27
What is the functional group of alcohols?
hydroxyl group (OH)
28
State the chemical properties of alcohols
* produce C02 and H20 in a complete combustion reaction * can be oxidised to form carboxylic acids * react with reactive materials, forming H20 as one of the products
29
What are the uses of alcohol?
- cosmetics - medical drugs - varnishes - methanol and ethanol used as fuels
30
Name the first four alcohols
1. methanol 2. ethanol 3. propanol 4. butanol
31
What is the molecular formula for ethene?
C2H4
32
What is the molecular formula for propene?
C3H6
33
What is the molecular formula for butene?
C4H8
34
What is the molecular formula for pentene?
C5H10
35
What is the main alcohol found in alcoholic drinks?
Ethanol
36
How is ethanol produced?
Through fermentation
37
How is ethanol concentrated?
fractional distillation
38
Write a word equation for fermentation
Glucose --> ethanol + carbon dioxide
39
What is the formula for ethanol?
C2H50H
40
Where do the enzymes for fermentation come from?
From yeast cells
41
State a quick overview of what happens in fermentation
Sugar or starch is dissolved in water and yeast is added
42
What do the enzymes do in fermentation?
They break down the sugars to alcohol
43
What does chemically oxidised alcohol produce?
Carboxylic acids
44
Why must there be an air lock to ferment the ethanol?
To keep the oxygen out as yeast fermentation is a type of anaerobic respiration
45
What is the highest concentration of alcohol produced by yeast fermentation?
15%
46
What is used to produce a more concentrated solution of ethanol?
Fractional distillation
47
Explain how fractional distillation is used to produce more concentrated solutions of alcohol such as ethanol
1. The water and ethanol solution are heated 2. Ethanol evaporates first as it has a lower boiling point than water, cools then condenses 3. The water left evaporates, cools then condenses
48
State the first four alcohols
1. Methanol 2. Ethanol 3. Propanol 4. Butanol
49
State the formula for methanol
CH3OH
50
State the formula for propanol
C3H7OH
51
State the formula for butanol
C4H9OH
52
Write a balanced equation for the formation of ethanol from carbohydrates
C6H12O6 + enzymes → 2CO2 + 2C2H5OH
53
State the chemical properties of alcohol
- Produce carbon dioxide and water during complete combustion - can be oxidised to form carboxylic acids - react with reactive metals, forming water as one of the products
54
Why do all alcohols have similar chemical properties?
They all have the same functional group
55
Name the first four carboxylic acids
1. Methanoic acid 2. Ethanoic acid 3. Propanoic acid 4. Butanoic acid
56
What is the functional group of carboxylic acids?
Carboxyl- COOH
57
What is the general formula of a carboxylic acid?
Cn-1H2n+1COOH
58
State the formula for methanoic acid
HCOOH
59
State the formula for Ethanoic acid
CH3COOH
60
State the formula for Propanoic acid
C2H5COOH
61
State the formula for Butanoic acid
C3H6COOH
62
State some chemical properties of carboxylic acids
- form solutions with pH less than 7 - react with metals to form a salt and hydrogen - react with bases to form salt and water - react with carbonate to form a salt, water and carbon dioxide
63
Define **polymer**
A long chain molecule made by joining many smaller chain molecules together
64
Define **monomer**
A small molecule that can join molecules like itself to form a polymer
65
Define **addition polymerisation**
A type of polymerisation in which the monomers add onto each other and no small molecule is eliminated. It only occurs with monomers that contain the double C bond
66
How do ethene molecules join together to form poly(ethene)?
- They lose the carbon double bond - which then transfers to the sides of each of the carbons - to form a repeating unit
67
How do alkenes in general undergo addition polymerisation?
They lose their double carbon bond
68
Name the folowing monomers for the biological polymers: a) DNA b) starch c) protein
a) nucelotides b) glucose c) amino acids
69
How is the name of the polymer deduced?
poly(monomer)
70
How do we deduce the structure of a monomer from the polymer?
- Identify the repeating unit in the polymer - Change the single bond in the repeat unit to a double bond in the monomer - Remove the bond from each end of the repeat unit and the subscript n (which can be placed in front of the monomer)
71
How do we deduce the structure of a monomer from its polymer?
* Draw a repeating unit (monomer without double carbon bond) * Add a bond to the end of each repeating unit * The bonds must extend out of the square brackets * small subscript n written on the bottom right hand side
72
What does the small subscript n in a repeating unit stand for?
Indicates a large number of repeat units
73
What are the properties of poly (ethene)?
- flexible - cheap - good insulator
74
What are the properties of poly(propene)?
- flexible - shatterproof - strong
75
What are the uses of poly(ethene)?
- plastic bags and bottles - cling film
76
What are the uses of poly(propene)?
- buckets - food packaging - ropes
77
What are the properties of poly(chloroethene)?
- tough - good insulator - rigid - flexible
78
What are the uses of poly(chloroethene)?
- window frames - gutters - pipes
79
What are the properties of poly(tetrafluoroethene)?
- tough - slippery
80
What are the uses of poly(tetrafluoroethene)?
- nonstick coating for frying pans - burette taps - stain proof clothing
81
Define **condensation polymerisation**
A small molecule is formed as a byproduct each time a bond forms between two monomers
82
What products are produced during the condensation reaction between an alcohol and a carboxylic acid?
Esters and water
83
What particular position must the two monomers be whilst reacting under condensation polymerisation?
- functional monomers must be facing each other so that the ester link can be formed between the carbon and oxygen and water can be removed
84
What are the problems with making polymers?
- made using crude oil, which is a finite and non renewable resource - can have a damaging impact on the environment if extraction and transportation goes wrong
85
What are the problems with the disposal of polymers?
- cannot bidegrade - harms environment if not properly disposed - can release toxic flames if incinerated
86
What are the advantages of recycling polymers?
- reduces litter - reduces the release of toxic gases in the environment from burning them - allows raw materials to last longer
87
What are the disadvantages of recycling polymers?
- costs money and energy - time consuming
88
Describe how to recycle polymers
1. Collecting and sorting waste into different types 2. disposing unrecyclable waste 3. cleaning and grinding polymers into chips 4. purifying chips 5. melting chippings to process into new products 6. codes and symbols are used to make sorting polymers easier

GCSE Edexcel Separate Chemistry (23 decks)

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