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Anatomy > Scalp > Flashcards

Scalp Flashcards

(58 cards)

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1
Q

What are the five layers of the scalp?

A
  • Skin
  • Connective tissue
  • Aponeurotic layer
  • Loose areolar tissue
  • Pericranium

The mnemonic for remembering the layers is SCA.

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2
Q

What does the scalp extend from anteriorly?

A

Supraorbital margins

This refers to the front edge of the scalp.

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3
Q

What does the scalp extend posteriorly up to?

A

External occipital protuberance

This is the bony prominence on the back of the skull.

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4
Q

What is the significance of the facial structure?

A

It is the most prominent part of the body and an index of emotions like happiness, joy, sadness, and anger.

The face is studied alongside the scalp.

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5
Q

What is the role of the muscles of facial expression?

A

They are responsible for conveying a variety of emotions.

These muscles include those involved in facial movements such as frowning and grinning.

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6
Q

What is the deep fascia in the form of the epicranial aponeurosis also known as?

A

Galea aponeurotica

This layer connects the frontal and occipital muscles.

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7
Q

What is the connective tissue layer of the scalp also referred to as?

A

Superficial fascia

This layer provides structural support.

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8
Q

What does the term ‘emissary vein’ refer to in the context of scalp anatomy?

A

Veins that connect the scalp with the venous sinuses of the brain.

These veins play a role in blood supply to the scalp.

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9
Q

True or False: The scalp only consists of skin and muscle layers.

A

False

The scalp consists of five distinct layers.

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10
Q

Fill in the blank: The _______ is the bony prominence at the back of the skull.

A

External occipital protuberance

This landmark is important in defining the posterior extent of the scalp.

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11
Q

What are the anterior and posterior limits of the scalp?

A

Anterior: Supraorbital margins; Posterior: External occipital protuberance

These limits help define the anatomical boundaries of the scalp.

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12
Q

What are the two bellies of the occipitofrontalis muscle?

A

The two bellies are the frontal belly and the occipital belly.

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13
Q

What is the function of the occipitofrontalis muscle?

A

It raises the eyebrows and causes horizontal wrinkles in the skin of the forehead.

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14
Q

What does the connective tissue (superficial fascia) in the scalp contain?

A

It contains many blood vessels and has more number of sweat glands and sebaceous glands.

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15
Q

How is the skin of the scalp described?

A

The skin of the scalp is hairy and adherent to the epicranial aponeurosis.

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16
Q

What is the epicranial aponeurosis also called?

A

It is called galea.

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17
Q

What supplies the occipital bellies of the occipitofrontalis muscle?

A

The occipital bellies are supplied by the posterior auricular branch of the facial nerve.

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18
Q

Where do the frontal bellies of the occipitofrontalis muscle arise from?

A

Each frontal belly arises from the skin of the upper eyelid and forehead.

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19
Q

What is the arterial supply to the scalp?

A

The arterial supply includes the occipital artery and branches from the external carotid artery.

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20
Q

What are the sensory nerves supplying the scalp?

A

The sensory nerves include the greater occipital (C2), lesser occipital (C2), and greater auricular (C2, C3) nerves.

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21
Q

What is the pericranium?

A

The pericranium is the connective tissue layer covering the skull.

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22
Q

What are some clinical conditions associated with the scalp?

A

Conditions include cephalohematoma, caput succedaneum, scalp wound bleeding, and gaping wound of scalp.

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23
Q

What is the epicranial aponeurosis?

A

The epicranial aponeurosis, or galea aponeurotica, is freely movable on the pericranium along with the overlying skin and fascia. Anteriorly, it receives the insertion of the frontalis; posteriorly, it receives the insertion of the occipitalis and is attached to the external occipital protuberance and the highest/superior nuchal lines.

It sends down a thin expansion that passes over the temporal fascia and is attached to the mandible.

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24
Q

What are the first three layers of the scalp called?

Study These Flashcards
A

The first three layers of the scalp are called surgical layers or ‘scalp proper’.

These layers include Skin, Subcutaneous tissue, and Epicranial aponeurosis.

25
What is the function of the layer of loose areolar tissue in the scalp?
The layer of loose areolar tissue extends anteriorly into the eyelids and gives passage to the emissary veins which connect extracranial veins to intracranial venous sinuses.
26
What is the pericranium?
The pericranium is a periosteum of the skull that is loosely attached to the surface of the skull and is firmly adherent to the sutures where ligaments bind it to the endosteum.
27
What is the superficial temporal region?
The superficial temporal region is the area between the superior temporal line and the zygomatic arch. ## Footnote This area contains layers including the thin extension of epicranial aponeurosis and temporal fascia.
28
What does the frontalis muscle lack?
The frontalis muscle has no bony attachment posteriorly to the highest and superior nuchal lines.
29
What is the significance of the temporalis muscle?
The temporalis muscle originates from the temporal fascia and is involved in the movement of the jaw.
30
What is the supratrochlear artery?
The supratrochlear artery is a branch of the ophthalmic artery. ## Footnote It supplies the forehead and scalp.
31
What is the supraorbital artery?
The supraorbital artery is a branch of the ophthalmic artery. ## Footnote It supplies the forehead and scalp.
32
What is the superficial temporal artery?
The superficial temporal artery is a smaller terminal branch of the external carotid artery.
33
What are the posterior auricular and occipital arteries?
The posterior auricular and occipital arteries are branches of the external carotid artery.
34
What is the venous drainage of the scalp?
The veins of the scalp accompany the arteries and have similar names.
35
What forms the angular vein?
The supratrochlear and supraorbital veins unite at the medial angle of the eye to form the angular vein.
36
What does the superficial temporal vein do?
The superficial temporal vein descends in front of the tragus, enters the parotid gland, and joins the maxillary vein to form the retromandibular vein.
37
What is the anterior division of the retromandibular vein?
The anterior division of the retromandibular vein unites with the facial vein to form the common facial vein, which drains into the internal jugular vein.
38
What is the posterior division of the retromandibular vein?
The posterior division of the retromandibular vein unites with the posterior auricular vein to form the external jugular vein, which drains into the subclavian vein.
39
What are emissary veins?
Emissary veins connect the extracranial veins with the intracranial venous sinuses to equalize pressure.
40
What are diploic veins?
Diploic veins start from the cancellous bone within the two tables of the skull and carry newly formed blood cells into general circulation.
41
What is the lymphatic drainage of the anterior part of the scalp?
The anterior part of the scalp drains into the preauricular or parotid lymph nodes.
42
What is the lymphatic drainage of the posterior part of the scalp?
The posterior part of the scalp drains into the posterior auricular or mastoid and occipital lymph nodes.
43
What nerves supply the scalp and temple?
The scalp and temple are supplied by 10 nerves on each side, including sensory and motor nerves.
44
List some nerves that supply the scalp.
Supratrochlear nerve, Supraorbital nerve, Zygomaticotemporal nerve, Temporal branch of facial nerve, Auriculotemporal nerve.
45
What are the remaining nerves that supply the scalp?
Posterior auricular nerve, Great auricular nerve, Lesser occipital nerve, Greater occipital nerve, Third occipital nerve.
46
What is a common site for sebaceous cysts?
The scalp is a common site for sebaceous cysts. ## Footnote Refer to Fig. 2.8.
47
What causes generalized swelling of the scalp?
Collection of blood in the layer of loose connective tissue causes generalized swelling of the scalp. ## Footnote The blood may extend anteriorly into the root of the nose and into the eyelids, resulting in a black eye.
48
What happens when the epicranial aponeurosis is divided transversely?
Wounds of the scalp gape when the epicranial aponeurosis is divided transversely. ## Footnote Such wounds need stitching of the layer of aponeurosis carefully (Refer to Fig. 2.10).
49
Why do wounds of the scalp bleed profusely?
Wounds of the scalp bleed profusely because the vessels are prevented from retracting by the fibrous oscla.
50
How can bleeding be arrested in scalp injuries?
Bleeding can be arrested by applying pressure at the site of injury with a tight cotton bandage against the bone.
51
What is the effect of inflammation in the subcutaneous layer of the scalp?
Inflammations in this layer cause little swelling but much pain.
52
What is a cephalhaematoma?
A cephalhaematoma is a collection of fluid deep to the pericranium that takes the shape of the bone concerned when there is a fracture. ## Footnote It is adherent to sutures.
53
What is a safety-valve hematoma?
Safety-valve hematoma occurs when fractures of the cranial vault cause escape of intracranial hematoma into the sub-aponeurotic space of the scalp through fracture lines.
54
Why is the layer of loose areolar tissue a dangerous area of the scalp?
The layer of loose areolar tissue is dangerous because emissary veins connect it with the dural venous sinuses, allowing infections to spread easily.
55
What is the consequence of thrombosis of the dural venous sinuses?
Thrombosis of the dural venous sinuses may be fatal.
56
What is the posterior division of the greater occipital nerve?
The greater occipital nerve (C2, dorsal ramus) is part of the posterior division.
57
What is caput succedaneum?
Caput succedaneum is a subcutaneous swelling of the scalp produced during delivery due to interference in venous return.
58
How does the scalp heal after an avulsion?
The avulsed portion of the scalp need not be placed in position and stitched; it usually heals on its own in a few days.

Anatomy (1 decks)

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