Scalp and Skull

Question 1

List the layers of the scalp

Answer 1

S: skin
C: connective tissue (dense CT)
A: Aponeurosis
L: loose connective CT
P: pericranium (periosteum of calvarium)

Question 2

Describe the blood supply and venous drainage of the scalp

Answer 2

Blood supply: From internal carotid (supratrochlear and supraorbital arteries of the opthalmic artery) and from external carotid (occipital and superficial temporal arteries)
Veins are similar to the arteries

Question 3

Describe the innervation of the scalp

Answer 3

Cranial nerve 5 (V).. 3 parts; or dorsal rami C2,3

Question 4

why is there profuse bleeding with scalp lacerations

Answer 4

because the connective tissue layer is richly vascularized and holds the vessels open, so that profuse bleeding occurs if it is cut

Question 5

In what layer of the scalp do infections tend to localize and spread?

Answer 5

loose CT (since it is loose)

Question 6

what is unique to the connective tissue layer of the scalp? (dense)

Answer 6

it has lots of blood vessels and nerves traversing through it (richly vascularized); it holds cut vessels open because the CT surrounds the vessels, resulting in profuse bleeding when cut

Question 7

what does the aponeurosis layer of the scalp consist of?

Answer 7

frontalis muscle, occipitalis muscle, and the aponeurotic (flat) tendon between them

Question 8

what is the function of the loose connective layer of the scalp?

Answer 8

facilitates the movement between the scalp proper (SCA top three layers) and the skull

Question 9

what happens if pooling of blood occurs in the loose CT layer of the scalp?

Answer 9

localization of infection; injuries can cause pooling of blood and it may spread forward deep to the skin of the eyelids causing black eyes (since the loose CT to other loose CT)

Question 10

epicranial aponeurosis

Answer 10

flat tendon (aponeurosis) on top of the skull that connects the occipitofrontalis muscle

Question 11

what nerve supplies the forehead and the anterior scalp?

Answer 11

opthalamic division of CN V

Question 12

what does the opthalamic division of CN V innervate?

Answer 12

sensory to the forehead and the anterior scalp

Question 13

what does the maxillary division of CN V innervate?

Answer 13

sensory to the anterior temple area

Question 14

what nerve supplies the anterior temple area?(sensory)

Answer 14

maxillary division of CN V

Question 15

what does the mandibular division of CN V innervate?

Answer 15

sensory to the lateral temple area

Question 16

what nerve supplies the lateral temple area? (sensory)

Answer 16

mandibular division of CN V

Question 17

what nerves supply the scalp just posterior and superior to the ear? (sensory)

Answer 17

branches of the cervical plexus

Question 18

what nerves supply the posterior scalp?

Answer 18

dorsal rami of CN 2 and CN 3

Question 19

what arteries arise from the internal carotid artery and supply the scalp?

Answer 19

the supratrochlear and supraoribital arteries from the opthalamic artery

Question 20

what arteries arise from the external carotid artery and supply the scalp?

Answer 20

occipital artery and superficial temporal artery

Question 21

where does the lymph drainage of the scalp go?

Answer 21

to deep cervical nodes

Question 22

what is the function of the skull?

Answer 22

to house and protect the brain and special sense organs (ear and eye); as attachments for muscles (ie: those in chewing and swallowing)

Question 23

what does the skull consist of (which 2divisions/ bones):

Answer 23

cranium + mandible;

cranium = upper calvarium and lower facial skeleton

Question 24

where is the calvarium?

Answer 24

surrounds the cranial cavity

Question 25

what is the cranial cavity? (what does it contain?)

Answer 25

within the calvarium; contains the brain, meninges, blood vessels, dural sinuses, and parts of the cranial nerves

Question 26

what are sutures?

Answer 26

fibrous joints located where the skull (cranial) bones meed

Question 27

that is the pterion? what does it include?

Answer 27

point in the skull where the frontal, parietal, greater wing of the sphenoid, and temporal bones come together

Question 28

why is fracture at the pterion dangerous?

Answer 28

because the middle meningeal artery lies deep to it, and fracture to the pterion can result in an extradural (epidural) hematoma

Question 29

where is the lambda located?

Answer 29

at the intersection of the sagittal and lamboidal sutures

Question 30

what bones make up the roof of the cranial cavity?

Answer 30

the parietal, occipital and frontal bones

Question 31

is the palatine bone present in the orbit?

Answer 31

yes!

Question 32

what is the angle of the mandible defined by?

Answer 32

the intersection of the mandible ramus and mandible body

Question 33

what lies in the hypophyseal fossa?

Answer 33

the pituitary (hypophyseal) gland

Question 34

what are the anterior and posterior fontanelles?

Answer 34

spaces where the sutures haven't fused yet in a fetus, they are covered by a membrane (soft spots of baby's head)

Question 35

what does the anterior fontanelle give rise to? posterior fontanelle?

Answer 35

``` anterior = bregma posterior = lambda ```

Question 36

describe the course of the internal carotid artery

Answer 36

arises at the bifurcation of the common carotid, passes through the neck, into the carotid canal in petrous temporal bone, across foramen lacerum, through cavernus since, next to body of sphenoid, forms carotid siphon (s-shaped), ends by giving off the anterior and middle cerebral arteries

Question 37

describe the course of the middle meningeal artery

Answer 37

from the maxillary artery, looped by auriculotemporal nerve, through foramen spinosum, has anterior and posterior branches, leaves impression on the skull

Question 38

what are paranasal sinuses?

Answer 38

openings within the bone

Question 39

where is the sphenopalatine foramen located?

Answer 39

in pterygopalatine fossa

Question 40

what passes through the carotid canal

Answer 40

internal carotid artery

Question 41

what passes through the foramen magnum

Answer 41

spinal cord, vertebral artery, spinal portion of accessory nerve

Question 42

what passes through the foramen ovale

Answer 42

mandibular division of trigeminal nerve, lesser petrosal nerve

Question 43

what passes through the foramen rotundum

Answer 43

maxillary division of trigeminal nerve

Question 44

what passes through the foramen spinosum

Answer 44

middle meningeal artery

Question 45

what passes through the groove and hiatuses for greater and lesser petrosal nerves

Answer 45

greater and lesser petrosal nerves

Question 46

what passes through the hypoglossal canal

Answer 46

hyperglossal nerve

Question 47

what passes through the infraorbital forament

Answer 47

infraorbital nerve (CN V pt 2), artery and vein

Question 48

what passes through the internal acoustic meatus

Answer 48

facial and vestibulocochlear nerves

Question 49

what passes through the jugular foramen

Answer 49

glossopharyngeal, vagus, and accessory nerves, jugular bulb

Question 50

what passes through the mandibular foramen

Answer 50

inferior alveolar nerve from CN V pt 3

Question 51

what passes through the mental foramen

Answer 51

mental nerve

Question 52

what passes through the olfactory foramina of cribiform plate

Answer 52

olfactory nerves

Question 53

what passes through the optic canal

Answer 53

optic nerve, ophthalmic artery

Question 54

what passes through the petrotympanic fissure

Answer 54

chorda tympani branch of facial nerve

Question 55

what passes through the pterygoid canal

Answer 55

nerve of pterygoid canal

Question 56

what passes through the sphenopalatine foramen

Answer 56

sphenopalatine artery

Question 57

what passes through the stylomastoid foramen

Answer 57

motor portion of facial nerve

Question 58

what passes through the superior orbital fissure

Answer 58

oculomotor abducen, trochlear nerve, ophthalmic division of trigeminal nerve, ophthalmic vein

Question 59

what passes through the supraorbital foramen

Answer 59

supraorbital nerve (CN V pt1), artery and vein

Question 60

what passes through the zygomaticotemporal and zygomaticofacial foramina

Answer 60

zygomaticotemporal and zygomaticofacial nerves