scalp, face, parotid

Question 1

what are the layers of the scalp? use acronym SCALP

Answer 1

-Skin
-Connective tissue layer (dense)
-Aponeurosis
-Loose connective tissue
-Periosteum

Question 2

what is located within the dense connective tissue layer of the scalp?

Answer 2

anchor & blood vessels and nerves

Question 3

what muscle of facial expression is located within the aponeurosis of the scalp?

Answer 3

occipitofrontalis

Question 4

what is a cephalhaematoma?

Answer 4

bleeding beneath the periosteum

Question 5

what is a subaponeurotic haemorrhage?

Answer 5

when bleeding occurs between the aponeurosis of the scalp and the periosteum

Question 6

describe the arterial supply of the scalp

Answer 6

-superficial temporal artery
-posterior auricular artery
-occipital
-ophthalmic artery - supra trochlear and supraorbital branches

Question 7

how is the venous drainage of the scalp divided?

Answer 7

superficial and deep components

Question 8

what are the superficial veins of the scalp?

Answer 8

they follow the arterial supply of the scalp - superficial temporal, occipital, posterior auricular, supraorbital and supratrochlear

Question 9

what is the deep region of the scalp drained by?

Answer 9

pterygoid venous plexus

Question 10

what are the branches of the external carotid artery?

Answer 10

-Superior thyroid artery
-Ascending pharyngeal artery
-Lingual artery
-Facial artery
-Occipital artery
-Posterior auricular artery
-Maxillary artery
-Superficial temporal artery

Question 11

what is the mnemonic to remember the branches of the external carotid artery?

Answer 11

Some Anatomists Like Freaking Out Poor Medical Students

Question 12

what does the scalp receive innervation from?

Answer 12

1. trigeminal nerve branches eg supratrochlear, supraorbital, zygomaticotemporal
2. cervical nerves

Question 13

what are the muscles of facial expression?

Answer 13

-frontalis
-orbiculalris oculi
-masseter
-buccinator
-platysma
-orbicularis oris

Question 14

what is the action of the frontalis muscle?

Answer 14

-raises eyebrows

Question 15

what is the function of the function of the orbicularis oculi?

Answer 15

close eye

Question 16

what is the function of the buccinator muscle?

Answer 16

-pushes food from the vestibule of the mouth into the oral cavity proper

Question 17

what is the function of the platysma?

Answer 17

-pulls down the mandible which opens the mouth, and pulling the corners of the lips out to the side and down, which forms a frown.
-wrinkles the neck as the person ages

Question 18

what nerve innervates the muscles of facial expression?

Answer 18

the facial nerve

Question 19

what are the 5 branches of the facial nerve?

Answer 19

-temporal
-zygomatic
buccal
-marginal mandibular
-cervical

Question 20

describe the parotid gland

Answer 20

-paired salivary gland
-secretes 25% of saliva
-exocrine gland
-secretes alpha amylase which breaks down starch
-serous secretions

Question 21

what is facial palsy?

Answer 21

-weakness of the muscles of facial expression- due to either temporary or permanent damage of the facial nerve

Question 22

what are examples of symptoms of facial palsy?

Answer 22

-difficulty with eye closure
-eye might be sore and weeping
-food lodges in the inside of the cheek
-drooling
-asymmetric expression

Question 23

what its bells palsy?

Answer 23

idiopathic cause of facial palsy - not sure what caused it

Question 24

compare lower motor lesion vs upper motor lesion facial palsy

Answer 24

1. A lower motor neurone lesion causes weakness of all the muscles of facial expression. The angle of the mouth falls. Weakness of frontalis occurs, and eye closure is weak.
2. With an upper motor neurone lesion frontalis is spared, normal furrowing of the brow is preserved, and eye closure and blinking are not affected.

Question 25

describe parotid tumours

Answer 25

-uncommon
-60-70 % are benign (non cancerous)
-children and adults
-different cell types in the parotid gland lead to different tumours

Question 26

what is parotitis?

Answer 26

inflammation of the parotid gland

Question 27

what are examples of causes, symptoms, signs of parotitis?

Answer 27

mumps (viral)
-symptoms - pain, fever, muscle ache
-signs - swelling of the parotid gland