Schizophrenia 1

Question 1

_% of the population are affected

Answer 1

1

Question 2

give some of the general symptoms of schizophrenia spectrum problems

Answer 2

bizarre delusions
inappropriate affect
hallucinations
paranoia
incoherent thought
odd behaviour

Question 3

what are the 4 historical thought causes of schizophrenia?

Answer 3

1. genetics
2. environmental causes
3. cannabis
4. neurotransmitters (DA)

Question 4

what is the concordance rate for identical monozygotic twins?

Answer 4

45%

Question 5

what is the concordance rate for dizygotic twins?

Answer 5

10%

Question 6

why must there be other factors than genes for schizophrenia?

Answer 6

because there is only a 45% concordance rate for identical twins so 55% must be due to other factors

Question 7

what factors may cause schizophrenia?

Answer 7

1. infections
2. autoimmune reactions
3. toxins
4. trauma
5. stress

Question 8

what is common before a schizophrenic episode?

Answer 8

exposure to stressors

Question 9

there is a correlation between the amount of _____ and ______ of episode

Answer 9

stress, severity

schizophrenia therefore has a strong environmental component

Question 10

what are the main 2 drugs for schizophrenia that were discovered by luck?

Answer 10

Chlopromazine

Reserpine

Question 11

what was chlorpromazine originally sold as?

Answer 11

an anti-histamine, surgeon noticed it calmed normal patients down when used as an anti-inflammatory

Question 12

what drug was taken from a snake root plant and used to treat mental illness in India?

Answer 12

reserpine

Question 13

how long do both drugs take to work?

Answer 13

2-3 weeks of medication

Question 14

symptoms like _______ disease start to emerge when both chlorpromazine and reserpine are taken.

Answer 14

parkinson’s

Question 15

which drug depletes vesicles so reduces the amount of dopamine that can be released?

Answer 15

reserpine

Question 16

which drug blocks dopamine receptors so stops dopamine working?

Answer 16

chlorpromazine

Question 17

how is chlorpromazine an antagonist?

Answer 17

it stops dopamine working by binding to dopamine receptors but has no effect so blocks DA

Question 18

how does reserpine work?

Answer 18

depletes the brain of DA by bursting the vesicles so DA is returned to the cell so it can’t be released

Question 19

drugs that reduce dopamine neurotransmission ______ psychotic symptoms

Answer 19

reduce

Question 20

drugs that increase dopamine neurotransmission ______ psychotic symptoms

Answer 20

produce

Question 21

taking drugs like cocaine and amphetamines lead to psychosis because they are _______ ________ ________

Answer 21

indirect dopaminergic agonists (increase DA in synapse so block reuptake > more DA means more psychosis)

Question 22

what is the efficacy of an anti-psychotic drug correlated with?

Answer 22

its ability to bind to DA receptors

Question 23

lower potency of binding to dopamine receptors =

Answer 23

lower anti schizophrenic potency (not as effective)

Question 24

what drug was found to be a very potent anti-psychotic medication despite having a low potency of binding to DA receptors?

Answer 24

Haliperidol

Question 25

what did Haliperidol discover about DA receptors?

Answer 25

there is more than 1 type of dopamine receptor (D1 and D2)

Question 26

which receptor was found to be the one that affects potency?

Answer 26

D2

Question 27

there is a ______ correlation between the ability of typical anti-psychotics to bind to D2 receptors and their clinical potency

Answer 27

positive

Question 28

what is adenlyate cyclase?

Answer 28

enzyme that helps send messages inside the cell

Question 29

are D1 and D2 positively or negatively coupled to adenlyate cyclase?

Answer 29

``` D1 = +ly coupled D2 = -ly coupled ```

Question 30

what other receptor is similar to D1?

Answer 30

D5

Question 31

what other receptors are similar to D2?

Answer 31

D3, D4

Question 32

give an example of an atypical antipsychotic that binds to D4 receptor?

Answer 32

clozapine

Question 33

drugs that are effective anti-psychotics work on the ___ system

Answer 33

dopamine

Question 34

which 2 receptors work best on anti-psychosis?

Answer 34

D2 (typical) | D4 (atypical)

Question 35

what is IBZM?

Answer 35

a radioactive chemical to measure dopamine receptors by measuring receptor density using a PET scan