schizophrenia

Question 1

what is schizophrenia?

Answer 1

• a mental disorder that involves disrupted thoughts and emotions
• a type of psychosis which makes the individual split from reality
• struggle to work out what is real and what isn’t real

Question 2

what is a positive symptom?

Answer 2

• something added to everyday life experience
• new experiences that wouldn’t have had before
  eg. hearing voices

Question 3

what is negative symptom?

Answer 3

• something taken away from everyday life experience

eg. unable to hold a conversation

Question 4

what is an hallucination?

Answer 4

• positive symptom
• unusual sensory experiences that can relate to all senses
• can be linked to environment or unrelated
• can distort reality or hallucinate something new that isn’t already there

Question 5

what is a delusion?

Answer 5

• positive symptom

- firm/false beliefs that take many forms

Question 6

what is speech poverty/ alogia?

Answer 6

• negative symptom
• deficits in fluency of speech
• fewer words
• leave out grammar
• blocked thought processes reflect this

Question 7

what is avolition?

Answer 7

• negative symptom
• apathy (can’t start things)
• unable to start and continue activities
• can result in not doing anything

Question 8

what is disorganised speech?

Answer 8

• positive symptom
• reflection of problems with organising thoughts
• derailment (jump between topics)

Question 9

what is dopamine?

Answer 9

neurotransmitter

Question 10

what is the dopamine hypothesis?

Answer 10

dopamine is a neurotransmitter involved in several brain systems its been suggested too little or too mouch is associated with symptoms of sz depending of area of brain

Question 11

what are the 2 types of antipsychotics?

Answer 11

• typical (first type of drug that was developed)

- atypical (more modern drug)

Question 12

what are some examples of atypical antipsychotics ?

Answer 12

clozapine (1970)

Risperidone (1990)

Question 13

what are the side effects of clozapine?

Answer 13

• can have fatal side effects
• need for regular blood tests
• risk of agranulocytosis (fatal blood condition)

Question 14

what is an example of a typical antispychotic?

Answer 14

chlorpromazine

Question 15

what are the side effects of risperidone?

Answer 15

• fewer side effects than other drugs

- lower risk of extrapyramidal side effects(effects on movement)

Question 16

what are the side effects of chlorpromazine ?

Answer 16

dizziness, stiff jaw

long term effects can include Tardive dyskinesia (face movement eg. blinking/lip smacking)

-neural malignant syndrome (high temperature/ coma)

Question 17

what are the 3 factors looked at I family dysfunction?

Answer 17

• schizophrenogenic mother
• double binds
• expressed emotion

Question 18

what is a schizophrenogenic mother?

Answer 18

• FROMM- REICHMANN
• cold, rejecting mothers can cause schizophrenia in their children through tense environment
• impacts child by making them paranoid which can lead to delusions as a schizophrenia symotom

Question 19

what is double binds? what does it suggest?

Answer 19

• BATESON
• communication style in families is very important
• double binds communication is risk factor for Sz (mixed messages)
• child develops characteristics such as fear of doing wrong thing can lead to disorganised thinking and paranoid delusions (Sz symptoms)

Question 20

what are the 2 types of double binds presented by LIDZ?

Answer 20

• marital schism

- marital skew

Question 21

what is marital schism double bind?

Answer 21

• parents are emotionally distant
• parents don’t compromise
• parents compete for Childs attention

Question 22

what is marital skew?

Answer 22

-one dominant parent

Question 23

what is expressed emotion?

Answer 23

• refers to to the emotions shown to patients from their carers
• negative expressed emotion can be a trigger for someone with genetic vulnerability to schizophrenia or cause a relapse

Question 24

what are the key aspects of expressed emotion?

Answer 24

• verbal criticism
• hostility towards patient including anger and rejection
• emotional over involvement (self sacrifice)

veehee

Question 25

what is family therapy? what did NICE suggest?

Answer 25

- a range of interventions aimed at the family of the SZ patient - cover topics such as Sz mother, EE and double binds NICE ( national institute for health and care excellence) suggested that family therapy should be offered to families of patients

Question 26

what are the aims of the family therapy process (Pharoah et al) ?

Answer 26

- to reduce negative emotion and stress | - to improve families ability to help patient

Question 27

what was Pharaohs meta analysis?

Answer 27

-meta analysis of 53 studies of family therapy continents : Europe, Asia, North America -looked at the effectiveness of the therapy (difference to mental state, compliance with medication, social functioning and relapse)

Question 28

who is Frith et al?

Answer 28

-dysfunctional thought processing | central control / metarepresentation

Question 29

what is central control dysfunctional thought processing?

Answer 29

the ability to suppress automatic responses so that we carry out the actions that we choose to only a dysfunction lead to symptoms of : thought disorder -derailment (due to faulty filter)

Question 30

what is metarepresentation dysfunctional thought processing?

Answer 30

the ability to reflect on thoughts/ behaviour -can help interpret own actions/ actions of others a dysfunction of this can confuse understanding of who is controlling their actions - hallucinations and delusions

Question 31

what is CBT?

Answer 31

cognitive behavioural therapy | -based on the theories of BECK and ELLIS who suggest that the cause is faulty thinking/ irrational beliefs

Question 32

what is the process of CBT for schizophrenia (6 stages)?

Answer 32

-assessment -engagemnet ABC model Normalisation critical collaborative analysis developing alternate explanations abi ends a night calling dad

Question 33

what is a token economy?

Answer 33

- used to help manage behaviour through the use of tokens as secondary reinforcers - positive reinforcement to reduce negative symptoms (behaviourist approach)

Question 34

what are the long term benefits of Token Economy?

Answer 34

- can help improve quality of life | - prepare patient for life outside hospital

Question 35

what is delay discounting?

Answer 35

a reduced effect of reinforcement because of a time delay | - tokens should be given immediately to avoid this

Question 36

how can a patient learn to continue behaviour outside of a token economy system?

Answer 36

- gradually change the reinforcement schedule (eg. rewards given at end of each week rather than every day) - can replace token rewards with verbal reinforcement/ recognition

Question 37

what is an interactionist approach to explaining schizophrenia?

Answer 37

- acknowledges that a range of factors contribute towards schizophrenia - looks at both Nature and Nurture

Question 38

what did Meehl suggest in the original diathesis stress model?

Answer 38

- vulnerability is entirely genetic as a result of 1 schizogene - without this one gene, no amount of stress can cause Sz stressors are chronic stress through childhood and adolescence -schizophrenogenic mother

Question 39

what does the modern diathesis stress model suggest?

Answer 39

- says that there are many vulnerability genes (polycentirc) - psychological trauma can be diathesis rather than stress as can make a person vulnerable - early child trauma can also act as diathesis there are many types of stressors/ triggers - psychological- stress resulting from parenting - life events eg. starting university - cannabis

Question 40

what is the interactionist approach to treating schizophrenia?

Answer 40

- targets more than one factor in treatment eg. biological and psychological - looks at both Nature and Nurture

Question 41

what are the 2 psychological explanations for schizophrenia?

Answer 41

- cognitive dysfunction | - family dysfunction