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Paper 3 psychology > Schizophrenia > Flashcards

Schizophrenia Flashcards

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1
Q

Validity in Schizophrenia

A

How accurately diagnosed is it?

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2
Q

Reliability in schizophrenia

A

How consistently diagnosed is schizophrenia. EG - across time, cultures , psychiatrists

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3
Q

Diagnosing

A

Completed by a trained professional. To identify an illness through the presentation of symptoms

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4
Q

Classification

A

How schizophrenia is clarified in diagnostic manuals and outlines which symptoms are expected eg - DSM

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5
Q

COMORBIDITY

A

The concept that two or more conditions occur together in the same person at the same time

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6
Q

Buckley 2009

A

Found cormobidity rates of schizophrenia and depression were 50%,

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7
Q

Symptom overlap

A

When symptoms of two disorders are found in both disorders making it difficult to diagnose lowering validity of diagnosis

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8
Q

Schizophrenic specific symptom

A

THERE IS NO SCHIZOPHRENIA SPECIFIC SYMPTOM MAKING IT HARD TO TELL APART FROM OTHER DISORDERS

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9
Q

Positive symptoms of schizophrenia

A

Delusions, hallucinations, disorganized speech, paranoia

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10
Q

Negative symptoms of schizophrenia

A

Apathy, extreme emotional withdrawal, lack of affect, low energy, social isolation

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11
Q

Cultural biases in schizophrenia

A

The notion that clinicians diagnose patients based on the clinicians culture not the patients culture

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12
Q

COCHRANE 1977

A

Incidence of schizophrenia in the west indies and britain to be similar at around 1%.

However afro Caribbean men are several times more likely to be diagnosed with schizophrenia when living in Britain

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13
Q

Cultural bias in classification

A

Schizophrenia may have different symptoms across cultures. Each cultures symptom pool may be different

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14
Q

Gender biases in diagnoses of SZ

A

Females suffering from schizophrenia may be misdiagnosed due to presumption that males suffer more

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15
Q

LONGNECKER et al 2010

A

Reviewed studies of incidences of schizophrenia and concluded that since the 1980s males have been diagnosed with schizophrenia more often than women. Prior to the 1980s this was not the case

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16
Q

Gender bias affecting reliability

A

Lowers reliability of diagnosing across sexes as there is no consistency between sexes

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17
Q

Gender bias affecting validity

A

A doctor could assume hallucinations are a result of schizophrenia in a male patient
but may be reluctant to diagnose it if the patient were female

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18
Q

IDIOGRAPHIC approach

A

Would be better way to diagnose individuals rather than trying to classify everyone under certain criteria

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19
Q

Genetic explanation

A

Strong correlation between family member having sz and hances of a close relative going on to also develop the disorder

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20
Q

Gottesman (1966)

A

Found a 48% concordance rate among twins.

Also found that DZ twins had a 17% chance of developing schiz if their twin did

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21
Q

Twin studies evaluation

A

NO research has ever found a 100% concordance rate, suggesting other influences than genetics

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22
Q

Benzel et al (2007)

A

Three genes; COMT, DRD4, AKT1 have all been associated with excess dopamine in specific D2 receptors

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23
Q

Evaluations of genetic theory

A

Biologically reductionist
Biogically determinsitic

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24
Q

Original dopamine hypothesis

A

The brain of a schizophrenic produces more dopamine than a normal person leading to positive symptoms

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25
Evidence for dopamine hypothesis
The fact that amphetamines increase the amounts of dopamine. - Large doses of amps given to people with no history of psychological disorders produce behaviour which is very similar to paranoid schizophrenia. - Small doses given to ppl already suffering with schiz also worsen their symptoms
26
New dopamine hypothesis
There are more dopamine receptors leading to more firing and an over production of messages. Specifically the D2 receptors
27
Dopamine antagonists
Block D2 receptor sites on the post synaptic neurone meaning fewer d2 receptors can be activated. Increasing the dopamine re uptake so it doesnt hang around in the synapse for very long
28
3rd proposal of dopamine hypothesis
Overactive dopamine pathway in the mesolimbic area is responsible for positive symptoms Underactive dopamine pathway in the mesocortical area of brain is responsible for negative symptoms
29
Neural correlates explanation
3 abnormalities - Enlarged ventricles - Hyprofrontality - Hippocampus amygdala region
30
Enlarged ventricles
Strong correlation between an individual having schiz and enlarged ventricles within the brain
31
Hypofrontality
State of decreased cerebral blood flow in the prefrontal cortex of the brain.
32
Hippocampus - Amygdala region
Tend to be smaller in volume and size leading to a dulled emotional state (flat effect)
33
Family dsyfunction
Families with disjointed relationships and constant stress are more likely to cause or influence the onset of schizophrenia
34
3 factors contributing within dsyfunctional family
1. High levels of interpersonal conflict 2. Poor communication, or difficulty in communication 3. Being overly critical and controlling of children
35
Double bind theory
Confusing and contradicting situations can lead to individual experiencing learned helplessness which can lead to the onset of schizophrenia
36
Schizophrenogenic mother
Mothers who lacked the necessary emotional warmth and were cold and rejecting with their children caused the onset of schizophrenia
37
Expressed emotion theory
Families reactions to a deteriorating mental state can have a huge effect on the client, if they react with expressed emotion it can become hostile and very critical and untolerant to the patient
38
Linszen et al 1997
High levels of Expressed emotion are most likely to influence relapse rate. A patient returning to a family with EE is about 4 times more likely to relapse than a patient whose family is low in EE
39
Berger 1965
Empirical support finding that schizophrenics reported a higher recall of double bind statements by their mothers than non schizophrenics. Suggesting there is wider academic credibility for the idea of contradictory messages causing schizophrenia
40
Cognitive theories for schizophrenia
Faulty thought processes responsible for onset and maintenance of schizophrenia
41
Cognitive explanation for delusions
Delusions are seen as occuring due to processing information irrationally
42
SAS
An executive monitoring system that oversees and controls contention scheduling by influencing schema activation probabilities allowing for general strategies to be applied to novel problems or situations during automatic attentional processes
43
Egocentric biases in schizophrenia
Patients with schizophrenia have a jumping to conclusions bias where they make hasty decisions and cannot be persuaded from their own thinking
44
Two factors which are related to schizophrenia experiences and behaviours
Cognitive deficits - impairments in thought processes such as perception, memory and attention Cognitive biases - when people notice pay attention to or remember certain types of info better than others
45
Dysfunctional thought processing explanation
Frith 1992 suggested schizophrenics fail to monitor their own thoughts orrectly, misattributing them to the outside world
46
Metacognitions
How people monitor their thought processes.
47
Metacognitions schiz have issues with this
How people monitor their thought processes.
48
Central control
The cognitive ability to suppress automatic responses. Disorganised speech and thinking could result from an inability to do this
49
Typical antipsychotics
Can be taken as tablets, syrups or injections. Work by acting as antagonists in the dopamine system by blocking the receptor sites to reduce positive symptoms
50
Side effects of typical antipsychotics
Anticholinergic - Dry mouth, urinary problems Noradrenergic - Low blood pressure, sexual dsyfunction
51
Atypical antipsychotics
This type of drug works on serotonin and glutamate receptors as well as the dopamine receptors relieving the negative symptoms of schizophrenia. Given to patients at risk of suicide
52
Mesolimbic pathway
Relevant to psychotic symptoms this system plays a key and complex role in motivation, emotions, reward and positive symptoms of schiz
53
Side effects of atypical antipsychotics
Weight gain. There are fewer side effects compared to typical
54
Liberman et al 2005
Compared effectiveness of typical and atypical antipsychotics in 1,432 patients with chronic schiz He found 74% of patients discontinued their treatments due to side effects
55
Example of atypical antipsychotics
Clozapine Risperidone
56
Example of typical antipsychotics
Chlorpromazine, loxapine, thioridazine
57
CBT
Aims to change the maladaptive thinking of schizophrenic individuals. It is a teaching and active therapy.
58
Stages of CBT
Identification of irrational thinking Teaching of origins of symptoms Relaxation techniques Homework - diary
59
Bighelli et al 2018
44%. reached a 20% reduction in overall symtpoms and 13% of patients reached a 50% reduction of overall symptoms Showing CBT to be effective
60
Family therapy
Attempt to fix the faulty and dysfunctional family dynamic causing schiz
61
Aims of family therapy
Improve postiive and decrease negative forms of communication Increase tolerance levels and decrease criticism Decrease feelings of guilt and responsibility for causing illness
62
Token economies
aimed to change negative symtpoms of schiz by applying positive reinforcement by rewarding desirable behaviours
63
Law of effect
Whatever behaviour is rewarded is likely to be repeated
64
Alogia
Rewarding someone with a token for instigating conversation by themselves
65
Token economy negative reinforcement
Negative reinforcement employed by removing their tokens to increase desired behaviour. Tokens used for things like food
66
Gholipour et al 2012
Found that a token economy approach reduced negative symptom scores by 46% from scores of 77 to 41
67
Interactionist approach
Belives many different things put together cause the onset of schizophrenia
68
Diasthesis - stress model
Certain people are more vulnerable to developing schiz and have predisposition Childhood trauma or stress can trigger vulnerability leading to onset of schiz
69
Meehls original diathesis stress model
Suggested sufferers had a schizogene that was triggered by a stressful event, however no one single gene has ever been recorded
70
Interactionist treatments of schiz
Combination of biological and psychological treaments. as recomended by NICE
71
Guo et al
Found that patients who receive a combo of antipsychotics and a psychological therapy have improved insight quality of life and social functioning than those taking antipsychotics alone

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